Research Article
Chinese Gini Coefficient from 2005 to 2012, Based on 20 Grouped Income Data Sets of Urban and Rural Residents
Table 1
Fitting results of the eight distribution functions.
(a) |
| | Year |
mu | Sigma |
chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| Log- normal (urban) | 2005 | 0.7803 | 0.5644 | 3893 | 0.0000 | 0.0091 | 0.0091 | 0.0709 | 0.0043 | 0.0666 | 2009 | 0.4023 | 0.6054 | 406 | 0.0004 | 0.0018 | 0.0014 | 0.0231 | 0.0245 | 0.0014 | 2010 | 0.5113 | 0.5942 | 658 | 0.0002 | 0.0012 | 0.0010 | 0.0323 | 0.0043 | 0.0280 | 2011 | 0.6460 | 0.5861 | 1989 | 0.0001 | 0.0013 | 0.0012 | 0.0501 | 0.0511 | 0.0010 | 2012 | 0.7803 | 0.5644 | 3893 | 0.0000 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0.0709 | 0.0702 | 0.0007 |
| (rural) | 2005 | −1.2572 | 0.6703 | 298 | 0.2996 | 0.2943 | 0.0053 | 0.0018 | 0.0037 | 0.0019 | 2009 | −0.8127 | 0.6994 | 124 | 0.1273 | 0.1329 | 0.0056 | 0.0157 | 0.0157 | 0.0000 | 2010 | −0.6697 | 0.6935 | 198 | 0.0877 | 0.0952 | 0.0075 | 0.0247 | 0.0235 | 0.0012 | 2011 | −0.5066 | 0.7157 | 600 | 0.0617 | 0.074 | 0.0123 | 0.0468 | 0.0408 | 0.0060 | 2012 | −0.3812 | 0.7240 | 614 | 0.0449 | 0.0563 | 0.0114 | 0.0689 | 0.0604 | 0.0085 |
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|
(b) |
| | Year | Alpha | Beta | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| Weibull (urban) | 2005 | 1.6159 | 12252 | 21556 | 0.0520 | 0.0091 | 0.0429 | 0.0001 | 0.0043 | 0.0042 | 2009 | 1.7462 | 20015 | 8004 | 0.0178 | 0.0018 | 0.0160 | 0.0071 | 0.0245 | 0.0174 | 2010 | 1.8101 | 22119 | 7053 | 0.0128 | 0.0012 | 0.0116 | 0.0126 | 0.0043 | 0.0083 | 2011 | 1.8754 | 25077 | 6374 | 0.0087 | 0.0013 | 0.0074 | 0.0260 | 0.0511 | 0.0251 | 2012 | 1.9963 | 28232 | 5361 | 0.0051 | 0.0008 | 0.0043 | 0.0437 | 0.0702 | 0.0265 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 1.3302 | 3803 | 12461 | 0.3464 | 0.2943 | 0.0521 | 0.0001 | 0.0037 | 0.0036 | 2009 | 1.4329 | 6141 | 5288 | 0.1816 | 0.1329 | 0.0487 | 0.0044 | 0.0157 | 0.0113 | 2010 | 1.4913 | 7075 | 4811 | 0.1410 | 0.0952 | 0.0458 | 0.0090 | 0.0235 | 0.0145 | 2011 | 1.5123 | 8366 | 3471 | 0.1085 | 0.074 | 0.0345 | 0.0238 | 0.0408 | 0.0170 | 2012 | 1.5399 | 9469 | 2991 | 0.0872 | 0.0563 | 0.0309 | 0.0423 | 0.0604 | 0.0181 |
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|
(c) |
| | Year | Alpha | Beta | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| Gamma (urban) | 2005 | 1.9364 | 0.1817 | 7378 | 0.3201 | 0.0091 | 0.3110 | 0.0002 | 0.0043 | 0.0041 | 2009 | 2.0807 | 0.2681 | 2471 | 0.1545 | 0.0018 | 0.1527 | 0.0056 | 0.0245 | 0.0189 | 2010 | 2.2005 | 0.2905 | 2010 | 0.1144 | 0.0012 | 0.1132 | 0.0111 | 0.0043 | 0.0068 | 2011 | 2.1762 | 0.3473 | 1220 | 0.0864 | 0.0013 | 0.0851 | 0.0275 | 0.0511 | 0.0236 | 2012 | 2.2020 | 0.3883 | 960 | 0.0675 | 0.0008 | 0.0667 | 0.0468 | 0.0702 | 0.0234 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 2.7728 | 0.3934 | 7135 | 0.0233 | 0.2943 | 0.2710 | 0.0002 | 0.0037 | 0.0035 | 2009 | 2.9875 | 0.5948 | 2972 | 0.0051 | 0.1329 | 0.1278 | 0.0098 | 0.0157 | 0.0059 | 2010 | 3.1397 | 0.6252 | 2420 | 0.0031 | 0.0952 | 0.0921 | 0.0165 | 0.0235 | 0.0070 | 2011 | 3.2777 | 0.6794 | 2155 | 0.0017 | 0.074 | 0.0723 | 0.0312 | 0.0408 | 0.0096 | 2012 | 3.5778 | 0.7013 | 1581 | 0.0007 | 0.0563 | 0.0556 | 0.0506 | 0.0604 | 0.0098 |
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|
(d) |
| | Year | Alpha | Beta | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| Log- logistic (urban) | 2005 | 0.9040 | 2.8806 | 204 | 0.0128 | 0.0091 | 0.0037 | 0.0072 | 0.0043 | 0.0029 | 2009 | 1.4996 | 2.8939 | 294 | 0.0029 | 0.0018 | 0.0011 | 0.0297 | 0.0245 | 0.0052 | 2010 | 1.6751 | 2.9533 | 179 | 0.0019 | 0.0012 | 0.0007 | 0.0381 | 0.0043 | 0.0338 | 2011 | 1.9143 | 2.9914 | 122 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0001 | 0.0536 | 0.0511 | 0.0025 | 2012 | 2.1913 | 3.0954 | 165 | 0.0006 | 0.0008 | 0.0002 | 0.0722 | 0.0702 | 0.0020 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 0.2833 | 2.5823 | 179 | 0.2892 | 0.2943 | 0.0051 | 0.0064 | 0.0037 | 0.0027 | 2009 | 0.4450 | 2.4415 | 444 | 0.1243 | 0.1329 | 0.0086 | 0.0249 | 0.0157 | 0.0092 | 2010 | 0.5149 | 2.4686 | 435 | 0.0883 | 0.0952 | 0.0069 | 0.0339 | 0.0235 | 0.0104 | 2011 | 0.6097 | 2.3930 | 634 | 0.0649 | 0.074 | 0.0091 | 0.0551 | 0.0408 | 0.0143 | 2012 | 0.6919 | 2.3664 | 537 | 0.0504 | 0.0563 | 0.0059 | 0.0750 | 0.0604 | 0.0146 |
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|
(e) |
| | Year | | | | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| SM (urban) | 2005 | 2.8449 | 0.9210 | 1.0358 | 201 | 0.0133 | 0.0091 | 0.0042 | 0.0068 | 0.0043 | 0.0025 | 2009 | 2.8301 | 1.5537 | 1.0696 | 276 | 0.0032 | 0.0018 | 0.0014 | 0.0280 | 0.0245 | 0.0035 | 2010 | 2.8791 | 1.7442 | 1.0815 | 154 | 0.0021 | 0.0012 | 0.0009 | 0.0358 | 0.0043 | 0.0315 | 2011 | 2.9901 | 1.9156 | 1.0013 | 122 | 0.0012 | 0.0013 | 0.0001 | 0.0535 | 0.0511 | 0.0024 | 2012 | 3.1032 | 2.1829 | 0.9921 | 166 | 0.0006 | 0.0008 | 0.0002 | 0.0725 | 0.0702 | 0.0023 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 2.3325 | 0.3281 | 1.2774 | 69 | 0.2953 | 0.2943 | 0.0010 | 0.0045 | 0.0037 | 0.0008 | 2009 | 2.1483 | 0.5739 | 1.4771 | 68 | 0.1358 | 0.1329 | 0.0029 | 0.0173 | 0.0157 | 0.0016 | 2010 | 2.1951 | 0.6540 | 1.4516 | 71 | 0.0987 | 0.0952 | 0.0035 | 0.0252 | 0.0235 | 0.0017 | 2011 | 2.0900 | 0.8325 | 1.5984 | 55 | 0.0761 | 0.074 | 0.0021 | 0.0422 | 0.0408 | 0.0014 | 2012 | 2.0976 | 0.9212 | 1.5373 | 78 | 0.0594 | 0.0563 | 0.0031 | 0.0623 | 0.0604 | 0.0019 |
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|
(f) |
| | Year | | | | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| Dagum (urban) | 2005 | 2.8228 | 0.8751 | 1.0633 | 192 | 0.0117 | 0.0091 | 0.0026 | 0.0077 | 0.0043 | 0.0034 | 2009 | 2.8615 | 1.4742 | 1.0330 | 291 | 0.0027 | 0.0018 | 0.0009 | 0.0304 | 0.0245 | 0.0059 | 2010 | 2.9602 | 1.6806 | 0.9935 | 179 | 0.0019 | 0.0012 | 0.0007 | 0.0379 | 0.0043 | 0.0336 | 2011 | 2.9436 | 1.8707 | 1.0465 | 117 | 0.0010 | 0.0013 | 0.0003 | 0.0548 | 0.0511 | 0.0037 | 2012 | 3.0301 | 2.1284 | 1.0611 | 158 | 0.0005 | 0.0008 | 0.0003 | 0.0740 | 0.0702 | 0.0038 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 2.7744 | 0.3311 | 0.7543 | 99 | 0.2948 | 0.2943 | 0.0005 | 0.0051 | 0.0037 | 0.0014 | 2009 | 2.7253 | 0.5387 | 0.7225 | 186 | 0.1356 | 0.1329 | 0.0027 | 0.0198 | 0.0157 | 0.0041 | 2010 | 2.7362 | 0.6102 | 0.7476 | 194 | 0.0986 | 0.0952 | 0.0034 | 0.0281 | 0.0235 | 0.0046 | 2011 | 2.7363 | 0.7516 | 0.7027 | 187 | 0.0770 | 0.074 | 0.0030 | 0.0456 | 0.0408 | 0.0048 | 2012 | 2.6556 | 0.8286 | 0.7419 | 215 | 0.0598 | 0.0563 | 0.0035 | 0.0660 | 0.0604 | 0.0056 |
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|
(g) |
| | Year | | | | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| B2 (urban) | 2005 | 6.0780 | 0.8234 | 5.5730 | 84 | 0.0074 | 0.0091 | 0.0017 | 0.0037 | 0.0043 | 0.0006 | 2009 | 5.4752 | 1.7844 | 6.4401 | 104 | 0.0010 | 0.0018 | 0.0008 | 0.0227 | 0.0245 | 0.0018 | 2010 | 5.4025 | 2.2509 | 7.1251 | 172 | 0.0006 | 0.0012 | 0.0006 | 0.0304 | 0.0334 | 0.0030 | 2011 | 5.5332 | 2.5981 | 7.3618 | 429 | 0.0003 | 0.0013 | 0.0010 | 0.0472 | 0.0511 | 0.0039 | 2012 | 5.7485 | 3.2562 | 8.3442 | 499 | 0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.0007 | 0.0665 | 0.0702 | 0.0037 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 6.3929 | 0.1824 | 4.2436 | 55 | 0.2937 | 0.2943 | 0.0006 | 0.0034 | 0.0037 | 0.0003 | 2009 | 3.6744 | 0.6920 | 5.4969 | 29 | 0.1317 | 0.1329 | 0.0012 | 0.0150 | 0.0157 | 0.0007 | 2010 | 3.6285 | 0.8812 | 5.9331 | 29 | 0.0939 | 0.0952 | 0.0013 | 0.0225 | 0.0235 | 0.0010 | 2011 | 3.0843 | 1.5142 | 7.0842 | 66 | 0.0720 | 0.0740 | 0.0020 | 0.0395 | 0.0408 | 0.0013 | 2012 | 3.0338 | 1.7731 | 7.1678 | 28 | 0.0551 | 0.0563 | 0.0012 | 0.0597 | 0.0604 | 0.0007 |
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|
(h) |
| | Year | | | | | chi2 | Theoretical Pr () | Actual Pr () | Error | Theoretical Pr ( > 100000) | Actual Pr ( > 100000) | Error |
| GB2 (urban) | 2005 | 1.6573 | 2.4300 | 8779 | 2.3331 | 20 | 0.0090 | 0.0091 | 0.0001 | 0.0048 | 0.0043 | 0.0005 | 2009 | 1.6167 | 2.4306 | 15763 | 2.6036 | 31 | 0.0015 | 0.0018 | 0.0003 | 0.0246 | 0.0245 | 0.0001 | 2010 | 1.9321 | 1.8440 | 17786 | 2.0260 | 29 | 0.0012 | 0.0012 | 0.0000 | 0.0333 | 0.0334 | 0.0001 | 2011 | 2.2615 | 1.5181 | 19318 | 1.5423 | 61 | 0.0007 | 0.0013 | 0.0006 | 0.0515 | 0.0511 | 0.0004 | 2012 | 2.2335 | 1.6316 | 22226 | 1.6731 | 99 | 0.0003 | 0.0008 | 0.0005 | 0.0703 | 0.0702 | 0.0001 |
| (rural) | 2005 | 1.5553 | 2.2614 | 2805 | 2.2292 | 46 | 0.2942 | 0.2943 | 0.0001 | 0.0039 | 0.0037 | 0.0002 | 2009 | 1.4365 | 1.9452 | 6088 | 2.8369 | 12 | 0.1328 | 0.1329 | 0.0001 | 0.0158 | 0.0157 | 0.0001 | 2010 | 1.4720 | 1.8920 | 7136 | 2.8269 | 7 | 0.0953 | 0.0952 | 0.0001 | 0.0235 | 0.0235 | 0.0000 | 2011 | 1.6115 | 1.4737 | 9280 | 2.5437 | 24 | 0.0739 | 0.0740 | 0.0001 | 0.0410 | 0.0408 | 0.0002 | 2012 | 1.3855 | 1.8458 | 11586 | 3.3780 | 14 | 0.0562 | 0.0563 | 0.0001 | 0.0606 | 0.0604 | 0.0002 |
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