Altruism, Noise, and the Paradox of Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">Type 1</td><td align="center">Type 2</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Candidate <svg height="8.45001pt" id="M73" version="1.1" viewbox="0 -8.45001 10.166 8.45001" width="10.166pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M782 650H541L536 618L564 614C597 609 604 600 584 574C535 508 486 451 437 395C394 473 361 533 343 575C331 605 335 610 375 615L400 618L407 650H156L147 618C222 612 230 608 267 537L375 330C277 214 186 117 163 96C108 43 97 38 27 32L18 0H265L274 32L251 35C204 41 202 47 224 80C264 138 327 213 397 293L504 80C520 48 516 42 472 36L440 32L433 0H707L716 32C627 38 622 43 581 121L455 361L629 548C685 606 696 610 775 618L782 650Z" id="g50-89"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="800" vert-adv-y="800"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 26.5768ptpx;"><svg height="12.545pt" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-3.31499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 -9.23001 26.5768 12.545" width="26.5768pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M481 430L460 436C440 442 393 451 366 451C348 451 325 448 313 446C267 437 195 409 147 367C79 308 24 211 24 105C24 37 56 -12 93 -12C121 -12 156 1 199 32C246 66 313 122 349 168H351L286 -147C274 -205 261 -215 210 -224L199 -226L193 -255L438 -243L442 -214L417 -212C364 -208 359 -200 370 -140L433 204C455 324 469 389 481 430ZM391 385C382 336 366 260 358 238C321 178 209 59 143 59C129 59 115 83 115 131C115 207 152 317 220 373C243 392 282 403 314 403C348 403 374 395 391 385Z" id="g50-114"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="499" vert-adv-y="499"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.428,0)"><path d="M556 236V289H337V504H275V289H56V236H275V-4H337V236H556Z" id="g54-36"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.311,0)"><path d="M482 498C482 606 448 710 328 710C138 710 24 416 24 218C24 99 58 -12 184 -12C373 -12 482 294 482 498ZM395 521C395 483 391 449 383 395H128C158 537 226 671 312 671C388 671 395 566 395 521ZM375 342C348 190 284 25 192 25C128 25 109 116 109 199C109 243 112 292 121 342H375Z" id="g50-230"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="506" vert-adv-y="506"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 26.5768ptpx;"><svg height="12.545pt" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-3.31499pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 -9.23001 26.5768 12.545" width="26.5768pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M481 430L460 436C440 442 393 451 366 451C348 451 325 448 313 446C267 437 195 409 147 367C79 308 24 211 24 105C24 37 56 -12 93 -12C121 -12 156 1 199 32C246 66 313 122 349 168H351L286 -147C274 -205 261 -215 210 -224L199 -226L193 -255L438 -243L442 -214L417 -212C364 -208 359 -200 370 -140L433 204C455 324 469 389 481 430ZM391 385C382 336 366 260 358 238C321 178 209 59 143 59C129 59 115 83 115 131C115 207 152 317 220 373C243 392 282 403 314 403C348 403 374 395 391 385Z" id="g50-114"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="499" vert-adv-y="499"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.428,0)"><path d="M556 236V289H56V236H556Z" id="g54-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="611" vert-adv-y="611"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.311,0)"><path d="M482 498C482 606 448 710 328 710C138 710 24 416 24 218C24 99 58 -12 184 -12C373 -12 482 294 482 498ZM395 521C395 483 391 449 383 395H128C158 537 226 671 312 671C388 671 395 566 395 521ZM375 342C348 190 284 25 192 25C128 25 109 116 109 199C109 243 112 292 121 342H375Z" id="g50-230"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="506" vert-adv-y="506"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Candidate <svg height="8.45001pt" id="M76" version="1.1" viewbox="0 -8.45001 8.82701 8.45001" width="8.82701pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M679 650H432L424 619L456 615C499 610 507 601 486 568C442 499 366 400 315 336C281 403 229 526 211 570C199 600 202 610 239 614C239 614 281 618 281 619L288 650H33L24 619C98 612 106 606 129 552L226 325C238 297 238 282 234 259L211 136C193 42 184 38 97 32L86 0H375L382 32C285 39 277 45 296 136L324 267C329 290 337 304 350 322C420 416 479 489 523 539C582 607 595 613 668 619L679 650Z" id="g50-90"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="691" vert-adv-y="691"></glyph.data></g></svg></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.25301ptpx;"><svg height="9.17801pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-3.315pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 -5.86301 6.25301 9.17801" width="6.25301pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M481 430L460 436C440 442 393 451 366 451C348 451 325 448 313 446C267 437 195 409 147 367C79 308 24 211 24 105C24 37 56 -12 93 -12C121 -12 156 1 199 32C246 66 313 122 349 168H351L286 -147C274 -205 261 -215 210 -224L199 -226L193 -255L438 -243L442 -214L417 -212C364 -208 359 -200 370 -140L433 204C455 324 469 389 481 430ZM391 385C382 336 366 260 358 238C321 178 209 59 143 59C129 59 115 83 115 131C115 207 152 317 220 373C243 392 282 403 314 403C348 403 374 395 391 385Z" id="g50-114"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="499" vert-adv-y="499"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.25301ptpx;"><svg height="9.17801pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-3.315pt" version="1.1" viewbox="0 -5.86301 6.25301 9.17801" width="6.25301pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M481 430L460 436C440 442 393 451 366 451C348 451 325 448 313 446C267 437 195 409 147 367C79 308 24 211 24 105C24 37 56 -12 93 -12C121 -12 156 1 199 32C246 66 313 122 349 168H351L286 -147C274 -205 261 -215 210 -224L199 -226L193 -255L438 -243L442 -214L417 -212C364 -208 359 -200 370 -140L433 204C455 324 469 389 481 430ZM391 385C382 336 366 260 358 238C321 178 209 59 143 59C129 59 115 83 115 131C115 207 152 317 220 373C243 392 282 403 314 403C348 403 374 395 391 385Z" id="g50-114"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="499" vert-adv-y="499"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="3"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Journal of Applied Mathematics

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: Altruism, Noise, and the Paradox of Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study 