Abstract
The mathematical model for describing internal waves of the ocean is derived from the assumption of ideal fluid; i.e., the fluid is incompressible and inviscid. These internal waves are generated through the interaction between the tidal currents and the basic topography of the fluid. Basically the mathematical model of the internal wave problem of the ocean is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). In this paper, the analytical approach used to solve nonlinear PDE is the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). HAM can be applied to determine the resolution of almost any internal wave problem involving tidal forces. The use of HAM in the solution to basic fluid equations is efficient and simple, since it involves only modest calculations using the common integral.
1. Introduction
Internal waves are gravitational waves that exist on two layers of fluid having different densities. Internal waves are formed due to a meeting among layers of seawater that have different densities of generating forces coming from wind, tide, or even movement of ships. The density difference causes the seawater to become layered where water with a larger density will be below that with a smaller density. This condition stimulates the formation of boundary of the two layers fluid (interfaces) where in case of external disturbance (by the existing generating force), an interlayer wave occurs without affecting the waves on the surface. Generating internal waves requires a large force, for instance, generated by the interaction of strong tidal currents, fluid coating, and lower topography. Research on internal waves at sea has previously been applied to various applications and ranges, for example, to detect the strength of offshore oil platform pylons [1] and to measure how the impact of internal waves can affect Chlorophila [2]. In addition, this wave can also affect the marine habitat that is the spatial distribution of Planktothrix rubescens [3].
Internal waves of the ocean can be modeled in terms of mathematical equations using the ideal fluids assumptions (incompressible and inviscid) of mass conservation laws and the law of momentary vapor. Internal waves are generated through the interaction between the tidal flow and the topography in a nonuniform fluid layer by solving the Navier-Stokes equation in Boussinesq approximation. Basically the mathematical representation of the internal waves of the ocean is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) [4]. In many cases, nonlinear PDE systems are very difficult to be resolved analytically. Thus an analytic approach can provide a solution which is almost needed.
The analytical approach for solving the nonlinear PDEs was first introduced by Liao in 1992, i.e., the homotopy analysis method (HAM). HAM excellence lies in the selection mechanism of initial values and auxiliary parameters so as to extend the convergence region [5]. Earlier version of HAM methods has been applied for various nonlinear problem solving such as the Klein-Gordon equation [6], El Nino Southern Oscillation [7], Huxley [8], Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation [9], and one species growth model in the polluted environment [10]. In this article, we review the internal wave issues in the sea that involve tidal forces using the HAM method. The completion of almost this method will be compared to the numerical settlement of error calculations and graphical visualization of the settlement.
The equation used in this study is the Navier-Stokes equation with Boussinesq approximation, in which it is assumed that the internal waves are generated by the interaction between pairs of currents with two-dimensional topography in a nonuniform fluid layer. In this model, is the density, a reference density, pressure, and and velocity, respectively, in the horizontal and vertical directionswhere is time, is the fluid depth, is the constant of gravity, represents the mean of fluid depth, is the kinematic viscosity, and is the tidal force given byIn (2), is tidal excursion and it was found that the value of A was less than 10% variation in the measured quantities of this range; the data presented are for A = 20 m; is the tidal frequency. Another parameter is the height caused by the change in horizontal directional pressure formulated by , where m/s and the Coriolis parameter depending on the angular velocity earth rotation .
2. Analysis Method
In this part we illustrate the concept of homotopy method. Suppose that a nonlinear equation is given in the form as below:where is a nonlinear derivative operator, is an unknown function, and are independent variables, and is defined as linear operator which satisfiesLet be the initial approach of solving (3); is an embedding parameter, ℏ is auxiliary parameter, and is an additional function. In the frame of the homotopy method, we first construct such a continuous variation (or deformation) that as increases from 0 to 1, varies from the initial approach to the solution of (3). Such kind of continuous variation (or mapping) is governed by the so-called zero-order deformation equationAt , the zero-order deformation equation (5) becomessuch thatWhen and ℏ ≠ 0, then the zero-order deformation equation (5) becomeswhich is exactly the same as the original equation (3), providedThus, as increases from 0 to 1, the solution varies continuously from the initial approach to the exact solution . So, (5) defines a homotopy of function ~. Such kind of continuous variation is called deformation in topology, and this is the reason why we call (5) the zero-order deformation equation. By using the Taylor expansion from to , the following is obtainedwhereSuppose that given the initial value of , the linear operator and the auxiliary parameters ℏ are not equal to zero and the auxiliary function is chosen so that (10) is from convergent at . Hence, we may assume the following series solution:According to (10), (5) can be rewritten as follows:such thatBy deriving (14) as much as times with respect to , then the following is obtained:such thatwhereand
3. Application of HAM
In this section we discuss the use of homotopy method to explain the internal wave motion with finite depth. The linear operation in the homotopy method is defined as follows:Based on the system in (1), we may have the following linear operators:Now, the zero-order deformation equation is as follows:According to (21), when we can writeand when , we haveThus, we obtain the -order deformation equation:whereNow, the solution of the - order deformation equation (24) for m ≥ 1 becomeswhereAccording to (10) and (18) we haveFurthermore, the initial settlement approach is chosen based on the completion of the current wave from the Navier-Stokes equation obtained by the following equation:
For simplification, then select . Further, the boundary conditions used in the solution of (1) are a polynomial determined by the settlement of HAM. The solution of (1) is numerically determined with the aid of a symbolic computing program. The resulting numerical settlement will be compared to the almost-resultant settlement with the HAM. The parameters used for the evaluation need the inclusion of the tidal force parameter , where is the tidal excursion; in this case should be less than the channel width (A = 20 m) = 1000 kg/m3; ν = 0.01 m2/s is kinematic viscosity, tidal frequency (ω = = 1.4052 × 10−4 rad/s), and earth’s rotational angle velocity and as the constant geostrophic current velocity. Furthermore there is also a constant of gravity m/s2.
In the HAM application, the completion of high-order deformation is determined by (26). The completion of the high-order deformation obtained is the basis of determining the completion of the series. The result of series completion is a function that depends on the values of and . In this section, the completion of the obtained series is evaluated at a certain and value to determine the completion of the HAM. Nearly obtained solutions compared to their numerical settlement of the calculation of absolute error and visualization of the completion graph.
Based on the initial approach to (29) and given parameters, the following high-order deformation solutions are obtained:and so on. The rest of the components of the iteration formulas by HAM can easily be obtained by symbolic computation software. Thus, we obtain the following approximate solution in term of a series up to third order:
Note that (31) contains the auxiliary parameter ℏ. To obtain an appropriate range for ℏ, we consider the ℏ-curves. Based on Figure 1 we get the value of ℏ.
The comparison of the results of the homotopy analysis method and numerical solution is given in Table 1. The explicit Runge-Kutta method in symbolic computation package has been used to find numerical solution of u, , and η. Table 1 shows the absolute error between the HAM and the numerical solution for ℏ = −1, x = 0.1, and Based on Table 1, it is found that, in the HAM, the approximate solution has a small absolute error against the numerical settlement evaluated at a certain independent variable value. It can be seen in the table that there exists a very good agreement between HAM result and numerical solutions.
The generation of internal waves by tidal force occurs in the stratified fluid when propagation of barotropic tidal currents interacts with rough surface topography, resulting in vertical movement and of local internal pressure. These local perturbations propagate as waves which are far from the center of generation. Internal wave plays an important role for transferring energy to the deep sea turbulence. When barotropic tidal currents flow on a rough topography sill, part of barotropic energy will vanish directly through dissipation and local mixing, and other part of barotropic energy converts into the generating process of internal tides (baroclinic). The result of baroclinic energy will be dissipated locally or radiated to the open ocean.
4. Conclusions
The problem of internal waves in the ocean can be illustrated by the basic fluid equation. The mathematical representation of the basic fluid equation is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations that are difficult to solve analytically. Homotopy method has been succesfully applied in finding the approximate solution of the internal wave model. Solutions by this methods are then compared with one of numerical method. The use of HAM in the solution to basic fluid equations is efficient and simple, since it involves only modest calculations using the common integral.
Data Availability
All data used for this study are publicly available. No new data were created during this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.