Monitoring of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Gasoline Engine Oil during Its Usage

Table 1

The concentration of elements containing in additives, at different distances. Values in parenthesis are due to base oil.

No.	Element	Kilometer of operation
		0	500	1000	2000	3500	6000	8500	11500
(1)	S (7000)	1108.3	970.4	964.7	957.5	960.0	940.0	935.4	907.1
(2)	Zn (6.1)	784.0	743.2	711.6	650.1	580.9	467.5	355.6	249.9
(3)	P (5.7)	811.2	793.9	773.5	738.0	686.6	603.5	505.1	411.9
(4)	Mg (0.3)	228.9	228.3	227.6	225.4	223.2	222.1	214.7	202.7
(5)	Si (3.1)	61.4	60.9	60.1	59.1	59.1	51.5	50.7	50.1
(6)	Ca (<DL)	56.7	53.5	51.9	46.9	43.7	36.4	29.4	22.3
(7)	Ba (<DL)	29.4	29.1	28.4	27.8	26.9	23.8	23.7	23.4
(8)	B (6.5)	6.7	6.2	5.7	5.3	4.8	3.8	3.5	3.3
(9)	Mo (6.4)	6.5	6.5	6.5	6.6	7.5	8.2	8.6	8.8
(10)	Al (5.2)	5.1	5.2	5.4	5.9	5.9	7.0	7.3	8.9
(11)	Ag (1.6)	1.7	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.3	2.2	2.3	2.3
(12)	Cr (1.1)	1.1	1.6	1.9	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.7
(13)	Ni (1.2)	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.7	2.0
(14)	Na (0.4)	0.5	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.2	1.2
(15)	Mn (<DL)	<DL	0.8	1.1	1.4	2.6	3.2	4.5	15.5
(16)	Fe (<DL)	<DL	2.4	3.7	5.2	6.9	8.6	10.1	11.8
(17)	Cu (<DL)	<DL	0.4	0.8	1.2	1.8	1.8	2.1	2.5
(18)	Sn (<DL)	<DL	0.4	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.0	1.3	1.4
(19)	Ti (<DL)	<DL	0.4	0.8	1.1	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.9
(20)	V (<DL)	<DL	0.5	0.7	1.3	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.9
(21)	Pb (<DL)	<DL	<DL	<DL	<DL	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.6
(22)	Cd (<DL)	<DL	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6
(23)	Sb (<DL)	<DL	0.3	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8
(24)	K (<DL)	<DL	<DL	<DL	<DL	<DL	<DL	<DL	7.4