Abstract
KIOM-MA128 is a novel Korean herbal medicine with antiatopic, anti-inflammatory, and antiasthmatic effects. Matrine is thought to be a potential chemical marker of KIOM-MA128, but pharmacokinetic studies on KIOM-MA128 had not been performed. This study describes a simple and rapid method using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine the concentration of matrine in rats plasma after administration of KIOM-MA128. The isocratic mobile phase consisted of methanol and distilled water, and the flow rate was 0.15 mL/min. The accuracy and precision of the assay, as well as stability tests, were performed in accordance with FDA regulations for the validation of bioanalytical methods. The half-life and of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 were 4.29 ± 2.20 h and 1.8 ± 1.23 h, respectively. and of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 at 4 g/kg and 8 g/kg were 595.10 ± 182.91 ng/mL, 5336.77 ± 1503.84 ng/mL·h and 850.46 ± 120 ng/mL, 9583.10 ± 888.92 ng/mL·h, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of KIOM-MA128.
1. Introduction
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing eczematous dermatitis accompanied by the formation of intraepidermal vesicles during the acute phase and scaly pachydermatosis during the chronic phase [1]. T cells and eosinophils are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of this disease [2]. Skin lesions in AD show a mononuclear cell infiltrate consisting of activated CD4+ T cells [3], and many studies have suggested that the development and pathogenesis of AD are associated with immunological abnormalities, such as increased immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels [4–7]. AD causes periodic hysterical pruritus, and because of this, pruritus skin lesions recur or worsen with purpuric papules, eczematous lesions, and lichenification [8]. The incidence rate of AD in infants and children is especially high, but effective treatment is not available. In general, topically applied corticosteroids have been the standard for the majority of patients with AD [9]. However, the repeated use of topical corticosteroids can have numerous adverse systemic effects [10, 11].
KIOM-MA is a novel Korean herbal medicine that consists of 18 herbs, mainly Radix Sophorae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, and Cnidii Rhizoma. KIOM-MA128 is the fermented form of KIOM-MA produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. The anti-inflammatory effect of this herbal drug has already been reported [12], and KIOM-MA128 is also known to have antiasthmatic and antiatopic effects [13, 14]. According to previous studies [13], KIOM-MA128 decreased clinical features and IgE levels for the treatment of AD in a dose-dependent manner, and oral administration may be useful for clinical application. The effect of KIOM-MA128 has been characterized, but the pharmacokinetics of KIOM-MA128 after oral administration has not been explored.
Matrine is a type of alkaloid and a major chemical marker of Radix Sophorae that affects the expression of inflammatory cytokine production and can be used to treat AD [15]. Radix Sophorae is an important formulation component, and matrine is also a potential chemical marker of KIOM-MA128 with anti-AD and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study developed simple and rapid method for determination of matrine which is one of the major compounds of KIOM-MA128 in rat plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization. And pharmacokinetics of KIOM-MA128 was determined after oral administration at the dose of 4 g/kg, 8 g/kg.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
KIOM-MA128 was provided by the Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine (Daejeon, Korea) [12, 13]. Matrine was provided by the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA, Osong, Korea). Acetaminophen, used as an internal standard (IS), was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Canada Co. (Oakville, ON, Canada), and HPLC-grade methanol was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). A PURELAB Ultra system from ELGA (Marlow, UK) was used in the laboratory to produce deionized water.
2.2. MS Conditions
To optimize MS conditions, a solution containing 100 ng/mL of matrine was infused into the tandem mass spectrometer (API 2000; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) at a flow rate of 10 μL/min. The turbo ion spray interface was operated in positive ion mode at 5500 V for spray voltage and ion spray temperature was set to 350°C. The precursor ions of the analytes were optimized as protonated molecular ions, [M + H]+. Matrine was quantified using the multiple reaction monitoring mode and the peak-area ratio method with an IS.
2.3. Sample Preparation
To prepare calibration and quality control (QC) samples, 5 μL of the matrine standard solution was added to 45 μL of drug-free plasma at known concentrations. To construct a calibration curve, plasma samples containing matrine at 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ng/mL were analyzed. Low, medium, and high QC concentrations were 10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL, respectively. For the IS, 150 μL of acetaminophen solution (1 μg/mL in methanol) was added to the plasma samples, and the samples were vortex-mixed for 5 min followed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. A 5 μL aliquot of the supernatant was injected into the column for analysis.
2.4. HPLC-MS/MS Analysis
HPLC was performed on an Agilent 1100 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a reversed-phase column (Gemini C18, 50 mm × 4.60 mm, 5 μm; Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) was used with an isocratic mobile phase of 80% methanol and 20% distilled water at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. The column and autosampler were maintained at 25°C and 4°C, respectively. The total analytical run time was 5 min. Analyst software (v. 1.4.1; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) was used for the HPLC-MS/MS system control and analytical data processing.
2.5. Method Validation Procedure
The specificity of the method was determined using blank plasma samples obtained from six rats. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy were estimated by analyzing QC samples. The limits of precision and accuracy for acceptable data were within 15% for QC samples or within 20% for the lower limit of quantitation. Recovery was calculated by comparing the mean peak areas of matrine in plasma samples spiked before protein precipitation with the peak areas in samples spiked after protein precipitation. The matrix effect was determined by comparing the mean peak areas of matrine in plasma samples spiked before protein precipitation with the peak areas of analytes added directly to the mobile phase. Short-term, long-term, freeze–thaw, postpreparative, and stock stability tests were assessed at low (10 ng/mL) and high (1000 ng/mL) QC concentrations.
2.6. Animals
Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (male, 7 weeks) were supplied by Daehan Biolink (Eumseong, Korea). The protocol of the present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experimentation of Chungnam National University. SD rats (230–250 g) were housed under temperature-controlled conditions (21°C) with a 12 h light–dark cycle. The animals were given free access to food and water prior to experimentation, and a single oral dose of KIOM-MA128 was given after an overnight fast.
2.7. Application of Pharmacokinetic Study
KIOM-MA128 solutions were made using deionized water. Rats were given a single oral dose of KIOM-MA128 (4 g/kg; , 8 g/kg; ). Blood samples (300 μL) were collected by retroorbital bleeds at each time point 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after dosing. After collecting blood, each blood sample was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min. Plasma was separated and stored at –70°C until analysis. To obtain pharmacokinetic parameters (, , , and ), noncompartmental analysis was performed using Phoenix (Pharsight, Basel, Switzerland).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HPLC-MS/MS
The precursor-product ion transitions used for matrine and IS were m/z 249.5148.5 and 152.4110, respectively (Figure 1). The retention times of matrine and the IS were 3.75 and 4.28 min, respectively. The chromatogram of a blank rat plasma sample analyzed by the described method is shown in Figure 2(a), where none of the matrix components interfered with the analytes under study or the IS at their corresponding retention times. The retention times of matrine and IS were reproducible throughout the study and no column deterioration was observed.
(a)
(b)
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(c)
3.2. Method Validation
The calibration curve was linear from 10 to 1000 ng/mL for matrine. Linear regression analysis equation with a weighting of was as follows: (). Intraday and interday precision and accuracy of QC samples are shown in Table 1. The accuracy (relative error; %RE) and precision (coefficients of variation; %CV) of matrine analysis ranged from 0.78% to 12.62% and from 7.22% to 13.69%, respectively. These results indicated that precision and accuracy of the present method were acceptable. The lower limit of quantitation was set at 10 ng/mL for matrine using 50 μL of rat plasma; a representative chromatogram of the LLOQ is shown in Figure 2(b).
Matrix effects of matrine in low or high QC samples () were 93.91 ± 1.58% and %, respectively. Percent recoveries of matrine in low and high QC samples () were % and %, respectively. Neither matrix effect nor the percent loss exceeded ±20%, and, therefore, no significant matrix effects or interference from endogenous compounds was caused by rat plasma.
3.3. Stability
The summary of stability under various conditions is presented in Table 2. The mean integrated peak areas of the low QC (10 ng/mL) and high QC (1000 ng/mL) samples were compared before and after the stability testing. There were no stability issues in the present method.
3.4. Application of PK
This method was successfully applied to analyze rat plasma in a pharmacokinetic study of KIOM-MA128. Chromatograms of the plasma samples obtained 2 h after oral administration of KIOM-MA128 (4 g/kg) in rats are shown in Figure 2(c). The pharmacokinetics of matrine in rats after oral administration of KIOM-MA128 (4 g/kg and 8 g/kg) is shown in Figure 3. The half-life () calculated at the terminal phase and of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 were h and h, respectively. The maximum plasma concentrations () of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 at 4 g/kg and 8 g/kg were 595.10 ± 182.91 ng/mL and ng/mL, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 h to infinity () after administration of KIOM-MA128 at 4 g/kg and 8 g/kg was 5336.77 ± 1503.84 ng/mL·h and ng/mL·h, respectively.
4. Conclusions
The HPLC-MS/MS method described in this report is simple and rapid for determining the concentration of matrine after the administration of KIOM-MA128 in rats. All procedures for determining accuracy, precision, and stabilities of this method were in accordance with FDA regulations for the validation of bioanalytical methods. In this study, a method for determination of matrine which is one of the potential markers of KIOM-MA128 was developed and applied to an in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats successfully. Herein, the first method for the determination of matrine after administration of KIOM-MA128 in rat plasma using HPLC-MS/MS has been described.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contribution
Hyun-moon Back and Byungjeong Song contributed equally to this work. Jin Yeul Ma and Kwang-il Kwon contributed equally to this work.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Grant no. K14050 from the KM-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korean Institute of Oriental medicine, and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2012-0006681). This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (Grant 2009-0093815).