Research Article

Influence of Polyphosphoric Acid on the Consistency and Composition of Formulated Bitumen: Standard Characterization and NMR Insights

Table 4

Characteristic properties of bitumen blends, before and after PPA modification.

BlendBefore PPAAfter PPA
Pen (dmm)SP (°C)PI (—)Pen (dmm)SP (°C)PI (—)

Bit110143.09043.8
Bit29943.08844.0
Bit310343.09045.2
Bit410842.08844.2
Bit59943.09543.8
Bit611042.28645.5
Bit710043.59145.6

Pen: penetration at 25°C; SP: ring and ball softening point; PI: penetration index.