Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Using Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ Magnetic Nanoparticles Followed by UV-Vis Spectrometry for Determination of Paraquat in Plasma and Urine Samples

Table 2

Comparison of the MSPE + UV method with other analytical techniques for extraction and determination of PQ.

Sample	Extraction and detection technique	Extract method and extractant	Linear range (μg/L)	Limits of detection (μg/L)	Ref.
Urine	UV-Vis	—	1000–1500	—	[8]
Human blood	UV-Vis	LLE dichloromethane	84.1–841	89.1	[24]
Human blood and urine	GC	—	1 × 10^3–7 × 10^4	—	[9]
Plasma and urine	GC-MS	SPE; C18 cartridge	100–50000	50	[10]
Urine	GC-MS	HS-SPME; fiber	10–1000	0.1	[11]
Plasma	HPLC-UV	—	2 × 10^5–5 × 10^8	—	[12]
Whole blood	HPLC-UV	—	300–30000	26	[25]
Human plasma	HPLC- UV	SPE; Xtimate C18 column	20–1 × 10^4	10	[26]
Urine	HPLC-MS	DSPE; Carbon nanotube	3.75–375.0	0.94	[14]
Plasma and urine	UV-Vis	SPE; SiO2@Fe3O4	15–400	4.7	This work

HS-SPME: headspace solid phase microextraction; DSPE: dispersive solid phase extraction.