Characterization and Botanical Differentiation of Monofloral and Multifloral Honeys Produced in Cyprus, Greece, and Egypt Using Physicochemical Parameter Analysis and Mineral Content in Conjunction with Supervised Statistical Techniques

Table 2

Mineral content (mg/kg) of Cypriot, Greek, and Egyptian honeys.

N	BO	GO	Al	B	Ca	Zn	Si	Fe	P	Mn	Mg	Total minerals
		Cyprus
1	MF	Larnaca	1.69	3.58	23.66	0.88	5.54	1.49	46.25	0.07	9.24	92.40
2	MF	Larnaca	1.63	5.14	93.11	1.10	4.94	0.96	65.77	0.91	18.62	192.18
3	MF	Larnaca	2.19	5.20	91.64	6.94	7.26	3.46	66.10	0.83	23.40	207.02
4	MF	Larnaca	0.49	4.11	54.10	1.61	6.35	1.74	53.95	0.10	20.27	142.72
5	MF	Limassol	1.46	2.12	30.21	1.09	4.94	1.45	40.06	0.08	14.12	95.53
6	MF	Limassol	1.02	3.22	48.34	1.62	5.61	1.52	56.09	0.15	13.05	130.62
7	MF	Limassol	0.53	2.56	49.76	1.93	5.34	1.43	54.26	0.19	11.31	127.31
8	MF	Limassol	1.46	3.35	35.66	0.99	4.69	1.35	51.56	0.27	10.73	110.06
9	MF	Limassol	1.71	4.42	60.88	0.91	6.83	1.77	75.69	0.23	15.59	168.03
10	MF	Limassol	1.60	4.48	58.63	0.93	7.05	1.65	54.16	0.48	12.16	141.14
11	MF	Nicosia	1.48	3.67	47.03	1.42	5.89	1.91	60.69	0.28	19.57	141.94
12	MF	Nicosia	1.77	4.14	69.21	3.77	6.68	3.52	53.62	0.42	13.49	156.62
13	MF	Nicosia	2.13	3.28	143.47	0.86	5.18	1.43	40.97	2.13	19.82	219.27
14	MF	Nicosia	24.43	2.17	27.89	1.55	7.28	3.97	257.19	4.11	80.48	409.07
		Mean	3.11^a	3.67^c	59.54^e	1.83^h	5.97^j	1.98^m	69.74^o	0.73^r	20.13^u	166.70^x
		±SD	6.16	0.98	32.13	1.65	0.92	0.94	54.81	1.11	17.88	79.60
		RSD (%)	1.98	0.27	0.54	0.90	0.15	0.47	0.79	1.52	0.89
		Greece
15	P	Rhodes	3.21	2.41	25.40	0.97	73.80	3.46	89.29	0.59	53.45	252.58
16	F	Messinia	27.35	2.84	15.22	1.24	8.18	4.16	217.33	4.37	109.53	390.22
17	P	Rhodes	2.93	2.67	23.63	9.30	73.63	3.22	92.67	0.57	53.96	262.58
18	WT	Lakonia	27.37	3.39	24.59	1.01	3.32	2.30	264.31	4.60	88.51	419.40
19	T	Rhodes	1.46	13.29	65.93	1.01	27.64	2.00	55.85	0.26	31.40	198.84
20	MF	Ioannina	9.15	4.72	59.88	3.52	9.58	2.81	138.80	5.54	82.72	316.72
21	MF	Metsovo	1.55	4.75	49.37	1.00	7.21	0.75	62.44	1.13	25.83	154.03
22	P	Thassos	0.40	4.49	37.18	1.48	7.09	0.89	105.75	2.19	26.28	185.75
23	MF	Ioannina	8.30	4.45	56.71	3.45	8.84	2.63	131.12	5.32	80.70	301.52
24	CE	Arta	7.75	1.69	36.07	2.53	96.42	4.11	170.02	2.01	60.20	380.80
25	F	Karditsa	3.28	1.33	30.32	1.20	11.17	1.18	57.25	0.54	20.13	126.40
26	CE	Arta	0.82	4.44	44.11	1.37	11.17	1.19	57.25	0.54	80.13	201.02
		Mean	7.80^b	4.21^c	39.03^f	2.34^h	28.17^k	2.39^m	120.17^p	2.31^s	59.40^v	265.82^y
		±SD	9.61	3.10	16.21	2.38	33.04	1.21	67.74	2.07	29.24	96.94
		RSD (%)	1.23	0.74	0.42	1.02	1.17	0.51	0.56	0.90	0.49
		Egypt
27	CL	GCA	1.21	0.65	82.23	1.09	9.09	8.45	26.23	0.28	17.49	146.72
28	CL	GCA	1.36	0.52	54.46	0.76	6.58	4.89	15.88	0.22	12.17	96.84
29	CL	GCA	2.07	0.78	77.07	0.55	0.80	2.18	26.33	0.17	18.39	128.34
30	CL	GCA	4.05	0.87	92.63	1.17	11.29	4.50	28.47	0.54	22.04	165.56
31	CL	GCA	0.95	1.40	112.10	0.78	11.54	6.58	39.47	0.55	21.42	194.79
32	CL	GCA	3.35	3.17	59.54	1.23	7.40	4.49	35.29	0.28	17.63	132.38
33	CL	GCA	13.06	2.69	44.79	1.68	5.36	4.82	26.55	0.20	15.24	114.39
34	CL	GCA	1.53	2.18	50.61	1.07	0.81	2.66	30.65	0.19	13.88	103.58
		Mean	3.45^a	1.53^d	71.68^g	1.04^i	6.61^l	4.82^n	28.61^q	0.30^t	17.28^w	135.33^z
		±SD	4.03	1.02	23.37	0.35	4.17	2.00	7.01	0.15	3.44	45.56
		RSD (%)	1.17	0.67	0.33	0.34	0.63	0.41	0.25	0.50	0.20
		LOD	0.41	0.03	0.50	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.10	0.08	0.02
		LOQ	1.34	0.10	0.17	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.33	0.24	0.07

The reported results are the mean of three independent replicates (). Different lowercase letter in each column of the average value represents statistically significant differences for each mineral according to the production area (). N: the number of honey samples; BO: botanical origin; GO: geographical origin; GCA: greater Cairo area; MF: multifloral; P: pine; F: fir; CE: citrus and erica; WT: wild thyme; T: thyme; CL: clover; FA: free acidity; TDS: total dissolved solids; EC: electrical conductivity; SD: standard deviation; RSD: relative standard deviation; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification.