Trends towards Effective Analysis of Fluorinated Compounds Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Table 2

Trends towards the selective nontargeted analysis of fluorinated complexes in ICP-MS.

Sample	Sample preparation	Nebulizer	Technique	LOD	Analyte	Interferences	Interference corrections	Remarks	Reference
Tea	Microwave digestion	Micromist	ICP-MS-MS	0.022 μg/L	Ba-F^+ (m/z 157)	^138Ba-OH^+>157Gd^+	O2, NH3/He	The sensitivity of^157Gd^+ in ICP-MS is 1000 times greater than that of^138Ba^19 F^+ before the addition of NH3 and O2 as reaction gases	[43]
Seawater	Acid digestion	Cocentric pneumatic	ICP-MS	0.1 ng/mL	Al-F^2+ (m/z 27)	Mg^2+; Zn^2+; Fe^2+	Long ion-exchange column and EDTA	Presents lowest LOD ever reported in ICP-MS.; Fluoride determination is influenced by the excess of aluminum added to the sample.	[42]
Drug	Wet and acid-digestion	PFA microcentric pneumatic	HR-ICP-MS	5 μg/mL	F^+ (m/z 19)	^1H3^16O1; ^1H2^17O1; ^1H^18O1; ^38Ar^2+	Medium resolution was used (m/△m ≈ 4000)	It does not necessitate extensive sample preparation	[47]
Water	Extraction	ETV	ETV-ICP-MS	3200 μg/L	F^+(m/z 19)	^18OH^+; ^38Ar^2+	Elevating the temperature in the vaporizer and the sampling depth to 10 mm	The interferences become prominent when the depth from the sampling orifice is insufficient (<10 mm); however, higher depths reduce ^18OH^+ interference and increase 19F^+ intensity.; Can be used for gaseous FCs even if the molecules contain oxygen atoms.	[48]
River water	SPE	Micromist pneumatic	HPLC-ICP-MS-MS	22 μg/L for fluoride.; 110 μg/L for fluoroacetate.	Ba-F^+(m/z 157)	^138Ba^16O^+138Ba^16O^1H^+157Gd^+	O2, H2, O2/H2	Suitable for analysis of samples containing multiple FCs and quantification of unknown FCs with respect to their fluorine content.; HPLC reduces a significant amount of interferences from metal ions.	[49]
Water	SPE	Micromist	HPLC-ICP-MS-MS-ESI-MS	0.49 mg/L for PFAs	Ba-F^+ (m/z 157)	^138Ba^16O^+138Ba^16O^1H^+	O2	The undetectable FCs in ESI-MS were detected in ICP-MS.; Can be used to mine ESI-MS data.; O2 could not eliminate carbon-based interferences.; The use of O2 increased interferences from^138Ba^16O^1H^+	[50]