Evaluation of Facial Proportions and Their Association with Thumbprint Patterns among Hausa Ethnic Group

Table 1

Anatomical landmarks used for linear facial measurements.

S/N	Landmarks	Abbr.	Anatomical description
1	Alar	Al	This is the most lateral point of the nasal wings
2	Cheilion	Ch	This is the outer most lateral point of the of the mouth
3	Endocanthion	En	This is the inner corner of the eye fissure at the meeting points of eyelids
4	Exocanthion	Ex	It is the outer corner of the eye fissure where the eyelids meet
5	Glabella	G	This is a most prominent point in the median sagittal plane between the supraorbital ridges
6	Gnathion	Gn	It is the lowest point on the lower border of the chin, in the midline
7	Nasion	N	This is the midpoint of the nasofrontal suture
8	Subnasale	Sn	It is the junction between the lower border of the nasal septum and the cutaneous portion of the upper lip, in the midline
9	Trichion	Tr	This a midpoint of the hairline at the top of forehead
10	Vertex	V	This is the highest point on the head with the head in the Frankfort horizontal plane
11	Zygoma	Zy	This is the most lateral point on the zygomatic arch