Research Article

Impairments in Activities of Daily Living in Older Japanese Men in Hawaii and Japan

Table 3

Age-adjusted relative odds of having ≥1 impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) according to risk factor differences in elderly japanese men in Hawaii and Japan.

Age-adjusted relative odds
Risk factorRisk factor difference*HawaiiJapan

Age (unadjusted)10 years2.62 (1.96,3.51)3.87 (2.10,7.14)
Systolic blood pressure20 mm Hg0.92 (0.82,1.04)1.02 (0.72,1.44)
HypertensionYes versus no0.86 (0.67,1.11)1.42 (0.68,2.97)
Treatment for hypertensionYes versus no0.88 (0.67,1.15)1.67 (0.79,3.54)
DiabetesYes versus no1.45§ (1.06,1.99)0.72 (0.16,3.15)
Body mass index3 kg/m21.01 (0.88,1.15)1.05 (0.72,1.52)
Total cholesterol40 mg/dL0.85 (0.72,1.01)0.91 (0.58,1.43)
History of cardiovascular disease
Myocardial infarctionYes versus no1.45 (0.88,2.37)0.65 (0.08, 5.11)
StrokeYes versus no1.43 (0.88,2.34)5.55 (2.20,14.03)
Either eventYes versus no1.54|| (1.06,2.22)3.87 (1.64,9.13)
Cigarette smoking status
PastYes versus never0.95 (0.74,1.23)0.71 (0.32,1.55)
CurrentYes versus never1.07 (0.62,1.84)1.36 (0.64,2.89)
Alcohol drinking status
PastYes versus never1.38** (1.03,1.85)3.13†† (1.35,7.25)
CurrentYes versus never0.55 (0.41,0.73)0.72 (0.33,1.55)

*For continuous risk factors, estimated relative odds compare the risk of ≥1 ADL impairment in men with a high versus low risk factor level where risk factors differ by the amount specified.95% confidence interval.
Significant risk factor effect: , § , , , , .
Note: the association between a history of stroke and having ≥1 ADL impairment is significantly stronger in Japan versus Hawaii ( ).