Psychosocial Factors Associated with Longevity in the United States: Age Differences between the Old and Oldest-Old in the Health and Retirement Study
Table 1
Sample characteristics by age group.
Age 70–79
Age 90–104
value
N (%)
N (%)
Female
2,374 (56.3)
200 (69.6)
<.000
Male
1,813 (43.7)
81 (30.4)
Race/ethnicity
White
3,332 (85.3)
230 (86.5)
n.s.
Black
510 (7.9)
29 (6.8)
Hispanic
272 (4.9)
19 (5.9)
Other
73 (1.9)
3 (0.8)
Completed education
Less than high school
929 (21.9)
92 (32.6)
<.000
High school
1,662 (39.4)
96 (33.6)
College or more
1,593 (38.7)
93 (33.8)
Marital Status
Married/partnered
2,698 (61.1)
49 (16.5)
<.000
Divorced/separated
387 (10.2)
7 (2.6)
Widowed
994 (25.7)
222 (79.9)
Never married
108 (2.9)
3 (0.9)
Lives alone
1,053 (27.0)
170 (59.1)
<.000
Comorbidities
n.s.
0
680 (16.7)
36 (11.5)
1
1,400 (33.2)
94 (32.4)
2
1,211 (28.6)
95 (33.1)
3
623 (14.7)
41 (17.4)
4+
273 (6.9)
15 (5.7)
ADL limitations
<.000
0
3,478 (81.9)
149 (49.7)
1
364 (8.9)
58 (21.1)
2
160 (4.0)
32 (11.3)
3
88 (2.3)
20 (7.9)
4+
97 (2.9)
22 (10.0)
Total N
Note: Figures shown are weighted sample sizes with percentages in parentheses. values denoting statistical significance of age differences were obtained using Wald chi square tests. ADLs: activities of daily limitations.