Suffering from Loneliness Indicates Significant Mortality Risk of Older People

Table 2

Age and gender adjusted 57-month mortality risks of loneliness in selected subgroups.

Subgroup	𝑁	HR	95% CI	𝑃-value
Men	1131	1.80	1.47–2.21	<.001
Women	2556	1.30	1.11–1,53	<.001
<85 years	2884	1.31	1,12–1.55	<.001
≥85 years	803	1,23	1.01–1,51	.043
Good health	2381	1,31	1.09–1.59	.004
Poor health	1231	1.07	0.89–1.28	.471
Daily need for help	947	1.18	0.98–1.44	.087
No daily need for help	2700	1.13	0.93–1.36	.217
Widowed	1826	1.32	1,10–1.57	.003
Not widowed	1861	1.41	1,16–1.71	<.001
Living at home	3319	1.22	1.06–1,41	.006
Living in residential care	326	1.55	1.10–2.18	.013
Goes outdoors daily	3053	1.18	0.99–1,39	.057
Does not go outdoors daily	726	1.34	1.08–1.67	.008
Physical exercise hobby	2332	1.37	1.13–1.67	<.001
No physical exercise hobby	1363	1.14	0.95–1.36	.165