Swimming as a Positive Moderator of Cognitive Aging: A Cross-Sectional Study with a Multitask Approach
Table 4
Results of the MANOVAs, ANOVAs, and effect-sizes contrasting active and sedentary older participants on cognitive performance and mean behavioral performance for each age group (SD).
Cognitive function
Cognitive task
Dependent variable
MANOVA F
ddl
Wilk’s λ
Partial η²
ANOVA F(1,45)
Cohen’s d
Sedentary older adults M (SD)
Active older adults M (SD)
Auditory simple reaction time task
Reaction time (ms)
—
—
252 (40)
262 (64)
Speed of information processing
0.43 (P = .73)
2, 44
.98
.02
Visual choice reaction time task
Reaction time (ms)
—
—
468 (49)
482 (57)
Stop-signal task
Rate of successful inhibition
0.00 (P = .96)
0.02
0.44 (0.23)
0.44 (0.20)
Behavioral inhibition
Stroop task
Interference cost (ms)
2.79 (P= .05)
3, 43
.84
.16
0.10 (P = .76)
0.10
297 (132)
285 (99)
RNG task
Adjacency score
7.04 (P < .011)
0.85
46.72 (11.09)
37.82 (9.91)
Letter running-span task
NO correct responses
19.50 (P < .0001)
1.45
29.94 (6.08)
38.63 (5.88)
Updating of working memory
9.61 (P < .0004)
2, 44
.70
.30
Spatial running-span task
NO correct responses
7.04 (P < .013)
0.80
19.44 (8.39)
27.19 (10.80)
Wisconsin card sorting test
NO perseverative errors
21.70 (P < .0001)
1.41
17.00 (8.05)
8.63 (2.36)
Shifting
Dimension switching task
Global switch cost (ms)
10.24 (P < .0001)
3, 43
.58
.42
2.65 (P = .11)
0.68
704 (267)
508 (306)
Stimulus-Response switching task
Local switch cost (ms)
6.24 (P < .017)
0.76
232 (129)
135 (126)
Note. RNG: Random Number Generation, in Bold: Significant effect.
