Journal of Aging Research

Research Article

Social Activity and Cognitive Functioning Over Time: A Coordinated Analysis of Four Longitudinal Studies

Table 5

Mixed model results of four longitudinal studies.


	OCTO-Twin			LBLS			SLS			VLS
	b	SE		b	SE		b	SE		b	SE

	Reasoning

Intercept	10.89	0.55	<.01	21.43	0.53	<.01	14.65	0.17	<.01	9.52	0.59	<.01
Age	−0.33	0.12	.01	−0.62	0.04	<.01	−0.35	0.01	<.01	−0.26	0.02	<.01
Female	0.68	0.67	.31	1.86	0.77	.02	1.57	0.24	<.01	−0.15	0.31	.62
Education	0.56	0.13	<.01	1.30	0.13	<.01	0.52	0.04	<.01	0.32	0.05	<.01
Social activity	1.01	0.28	<.01	0.08	0.25	.74	0.11	0.08	.14	0.05	0.02	.03
Age social activity	−0.02	0.11	.83	0.08	0.03	<.01	0.01	0.01	.15	0.00	0.00	.40
Education social activity	0.04	0.11	.71	−0.04	0.08	.67	−0.03	0.03	.26	−0.01	0.01	.69
Slope	−0.44	0.08	<.01	−0.50	0.08	<.01	−0.25	0.02	<.01	−0.25	0.03	<.01
Age	−0.02	0.02	.28	−0.03	0.01	<.01	−0.01	0.00	<.01	−0.01	0.00	<.01
Female	0.08	0.09	.42	0.08	0.11	.48	0.01	0.02	.51	0.01	0.03	.76
Education	0.01	0.02	.56	−0.05	0.02	<.01	−0.01	0.00	.11	−0.01	0.00	.08
Social activity	0.06	0.05	.24	0.04	0.04	.30	0.02	0.01	.02	0.00	0.00	.44
Social activity change	0.65	0.15	<.01	0.04	0.17	.83	0.13	0.06	.04	0.03	0.00	.02

	Fluency

Intercept				31.01	0.61	<.01	36.11	0.44	<.01	11.5	0.56	<.01
Age				−0.30	0.05	<.01	−0.34	0.04	<.01	−0.10	0.03	<.01
Female				3.39	0.88	<.01	3.36	0.60	<.01	0.51	0.36	.16
Education				1.05	0.15	<.01	1.31	0.11	<.01	0.63	0.05	<.01
Social activity				0.99	0.29	<.01	0.24	0.19	.20	0.04	0.03	.12
Age social activity				0.03	0.03	.40	0.00	0.02	.89	−0.01	0.01	.29
Education social activity				−0.11	0.10	.24	0.04	0.07	.59	−0.01	0.01	.07
Slope				−0.24	0.11	.02	−0.43	0.04	<.01	−0.12	0.03	<.01
Age				−0.03	0.01	<.01	−0.02	0.00	<.01	−0.01	0.01	<.01
Female				−0.20	0.15	.18	0.11	0.05	.02	0.06	0.04	.16
Education				−0.01	0.03	.65	−0.01	0.01	.15	−0.01	0.01	.74
Social activity				0.07	0.05	.15	0.02	0.02	.26	0.01	0.01	.83
Social activity change				0.73	0.25	<.01	0.18	0.15	.21	0.06	0.02	<.01

	Memory

Intercept	8.70	0.32	<.01	10.80	0.20	<.01	11.56	0.13	<.01	17.28	0.41	<.01
Age	−0.20	0.06	<.01	−0.19	0.02	<.01	−0.18	0.01	<.01	−0.19	0.02	<.01
Female	0.99	0.39	.01	1.50	0.28	<.01	1.59	0.17	<.01	1.45	0.27	<.01
Education	0.34	0.07	<.01	0.29	0.05	<.01	0.32	0.03	<.01	0.31	0.04	<.01
Social activity	0.34	0.07	<.01	0.00	0.09	.98	0.14	0.06	.01	0.06	0.02	<.01
Age social activity	−0.09	0.06	.10	0.01	0.0	.61	0.00	0.01	.51	−0.01	0.01	.95
Education social activity	0.01	0.06	.91	−0.02	0.03	.57	−0.02	0.02	.18	−0.01	0.01	.19
Slope	−0.26	0.07	<.01	−0.18	0.05	<.01	−0.17	0.01	<.01	−0.27	0.03	<.01
Age	0.00	0.02	.97	0.00	0.01	.46	−0.01	0.00	<.01	−0.01	0.01	<.01
Female	0.05	0.08	.55	−0.03	0.07	.64	0.02	0.02	.15	−0.02	0.03	.56
Education	−0.01	0.02	.73	0.01	0.01	.40	0.00	0.00	.58	−0.01	0.01	.15
Social activity	0.07	0.04	.07	0.03	0.02	.15	0.01	0.01	.37	0.01	0.01	.25
Social activity change	0.47	0.11	<.01	0.11	0.10	.30	0.12	0.06	.03	0.06	0.01	<.01

	Semantic knowledge

Intercept	30.49	0.86	<.01	38.19	0.54	<.01	24.08	0.22	<.01	43.77	0.71	<.01
Age	−0.55	0.17	<.01	−0.28	0.04	<.01	0.02	0.02	.35	0.08	0.03	.02
Female	−4.20	1.05	<.01	1.19	0.78	.13	0.70	0.30	.02	−0.01	0.46	.99
Education	1.43	0.19	<.01	1.03	0.14	<.01	1.12	0.05	<.01	0.77	0.07	<.01
Social activity	0.87	0.40	.03	0.10	0.25	.70	−0.22	0.10	.02	0.02	0.03	.63
Age social activity	−0.10	0.15	.47	0.08	0.03	<.01	−0.01	0.01	.61	0.01	0.01	.77
Education social activity	0.03	0.17	.84	−0.06	0.09	.50	−0.05	0.03	.15	0.01	0.01	.61
Slope	−0.85	0.11	<.01	−0.46	0.08	<.01	−0.12	0.01	<.01	−0.16	0.03	<.01
Age	−0.05	0.02	.03	−0.04	0.01	<.01	−0.01	0.00	<.01	−0.01	0.01	<.01
Female	0.19	0.13	.15	0.12	0.12	.30	0.06	0.02	<.01	0.03	0.04	.42
Education	0.03	0.03	.29	−0.02	0.02	.32	0.00	0.00	.78	−0.01	0.01	.18
Social activity	0.11	0.07	.12	0.01	0.04	.95	0.01	0.01	.01	−0.01	0.01	.40
Social activity change	0.86	0.19	<.01	0.17	0.17	.33	0.08	0.06	.13	−0.01	0.01	.93

Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another, or in interaction with time.