Cognitively Stimulating Activities: Effects on Cognition across Four Studies with up to 21 Years of Longitudinal Data
Table 3
SLS participant characteristics.
Year of testing
Measure
Baseline
Year 7
Year 14
Year 21
( )
( )
( )
( )
Retention from previous testing (%)
56.4
47.7
40.8
Age [M (SD)]
67.1 (8.2)
72.9 (7.3)
77.9 (6.4)
81.8 (4.9)
Education [M (SD)]
14.6 (2.9)
14.7 (2.8)
14.8 (2.7)
14.8 (2.8)
Sex, female [ (%)]
859 (52)
502 (54)
255 (57)
108 (60)
Reasoning [M (SD)]
15.6 (5.8)
15.2 (5.6)
14.3 (5.5)
14.0 (5.3)
Fluency [M (SD)]
38.6 (12.8)
37.5 (13.1)
36.7 (12.7)
38.8 (14.5)
Memory [M (SD)]
12.5 (4.0)
12.0 (4.1)
11.5 (4.2)
11.6 (4.0)
Semantic knowledge [M (SD)]
25.0 (6.7)
25.3 (6.6)
25.8 (6.2)
25.8 (5.9)
Cognitive activity [M (SD)]
2.4 (1.2)
2.5 (1.2)
2.5 (1.2)
2.3 (1.2)
Activity change [M (SD)]
—
−0.1 (1.1)
−0.2 (1.1)
−0.5 (1.3)
M: mean; SD: standard deviation. The theoretical ranges for each measure with a defined upper limit are as follows: education = 0–20, reasoning = 0–30, memory = 0–20, semantic knowledge = 0–36, and cognitive activity = 0–5.
