Research Article

Families, Friends, and the Neighborhood of Older Adults: Evidence from Public Housing in Singapore

Table 2

Marginal effect coefficients from ordered logistic regression models predicting older adult perceived social isolation.

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)

Residence in HDB−.169** (.086)−.162* (.087)−.186** (.087)−.209** (.088)−.219** (.088)
Daily participation in HDB neighborhood events.008 (.006)−.114 (.070)−.100 (.070)−.164** (.071)−.160** (.071)
Living arrangements
Household size−.165*** (.022)−.140*** (.022)−.138*** (.022)−.139*** (.022)−.139*** (.022)
Widowed.137* (.071).210** (.079).200** (.079).197** (.080).199** (.080)
Residing alone.683*** (.134).680*** (.134).615*** (.135).652*** (.135).655*** (.135)
Coresiding with adult children.332*** (.082).247** (.083).248** (.083).234** (.084).230** (.084)
Social network
Relatives incl. non-coresiding children−.023*** (.004)−.010** (.005)−.012** (.005)
Friends−.035*** (.005)−.037*** (.005)
Neighbors.040 (.024)
Age.011** (.004).003 (.004).003 (.004)−.0007 (.0044)−.0006 (.004)
CovariatesNoYesYesYesYes
Observations4,5424,5424,5424,5424,542

Notes: 𝑃 < 0 . 0 1 , 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 and 𝑃 < 0 . 1 0 . The covariates are physical health limitations—ADL and IADL, income, gender, and ethnicity. The likelihood ratio test for the restricted model without the covariates and the unrestricted model with covariates shows that there is no variation in the main coefficients of interest—HDB residence, daily participation in HDB neighborhood events, family living arrangements, and the social network. LR Chi2(4) = 336.02. Prob > Chi2 = 0.0000.