Prevalence of Frailty Indicators and Association with Socioeconomic Status in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in a Swiss Region with Universal Health Insurance Coverage: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Table 3
Multivariate associations (odds ratios OR, 95% CI) of characteristics with groups of number of frailty indicators, Bus Santé study, Geneva, 2006–2010, = 2,930.
Participant characteristic
Frailty indicators group (ref = 0)
OR (95% CI)
Age ≥ 65 years versus 50–65 years
2+ versus 0
19.4 (13.5–27.9)*
1 versus 0
4.9 (4.0–6.0)*
Male
2+ versus 0
1.02 (0.66–1.59)
1 versus 0
0.72 (0.55–0.94)*
Swiss nationality
2+ versus 0
0.77 (0.54–1.11)
1 versus 0
1.05 (0.83–1.32)
Education
Low
2+ versus 0
1.17 (0.75–1.83)
1 versus 0
1.28 (0.96–1.71)
Middle
2+ versus 0
0.82 (0.58–1.16)
1 versus 0
1.09 (0.89–1.35)
High
2+ versus 0
Ref
1 versus 0
Ref
Household income
<4999 CHF
2+ versus 0
2.16 (1.36–3.44)*†
1 versus 0
1.31 (1.00–1.72)*
5000–9499 CHF
2+ versus 0
0.83 (0.55–1.27)
1 versus 0
0.94 (0.75–1.17)
>9500 CHF
2+ versus 0
Ref
1 versus 0
Ref
Hypertension
2+ versus 0
1.88 (1.32–2.68)*
1 versus 0
1.40 (1.15–1.70)*
Diabetes
2+ versus 0
1.19 (0.66–2.15)
1 versus 0
1.20 (0.83–1.72)
Myocardial infarction
2+ versus 0
0.78 (0.37–1.64)
1 versus 0
0.96 (0.54–1.71)
Angina pectoris
2+ versus 0
1.69 (0.83–3.43)
1 versus 0
1.24 (0.73–2.10)
Cerebral or legs vascular obstruction
2+ versus 0
1.70 (0.85–3.41)†
1 versus 0
1.40 (0.81–2.44)
Current smoker
2+ versus 0
1.83 (1.19–2.81)*
1 versus 0
1.43 (1.03–1.68)*
Body mass index, kg/m2
2+ versus 0
0.99 (0.89–1.10)
1 versus 0
0.96 (0.93–0.99)*
Waist-to-hip ratio
2+ versus 0
0.02 (0.01–0.40)*
1 versus 0
0.73 (0.15–3.68)
Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L
2+ versus 0
0.82 (0.69–0.98)*
1 versus 0
0.98 (0.89–1.09)
Serum triglycerides, mmol/L
2+ versus 0
0.98 (0.76–1.27)
1 versus 0
1.12 (0.99–1.26)
Serum HDL cholesterol, mmol/L
2+ versus 0
1.57 (0.95–2.59)
1 versus 0
1.09 (0.82–1.47)
All models are adjusted for survey year, age, gender, Swiss nationality, education level, monthly household income, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, arterial obstruction, current smoking status, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum HDL cholesterol.
*Statistically significant associations ( value < 0.05); †statistically significant interactions ( value < 0.05) with age category (50–64.9 years versus 65 years or more). (1 CHF ≈ 1 US$.)
