10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid, the Major Lipid Component of Royal Jelly, Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans through Dietary Restriction and Target of Rapamycin Signaling

Table 1

The effects of 10-HDA on the lifespan of various mutants.

Exp.	Genotype	Treatment	Mean life span ± SEM (days)	% change	Maximum life span (days)	% change	(animal)	Significance
1	N2	Control	34.8 ± 0.8	+11	54	−4	34
	N2	10-HDA 25 µM	38.7 ± 1.0		52		26
2	N2	Control	34.4 ± 0.6	+10	49	+14	45
	N2	10-HDA 25 µM	37.7 ± 0.8		56		29
3	N2	Control	34.3 ± 0.5	+6	45	+11	56
	N2	10-HDA 25 µM	36.2 ± 0.5		50		95
1	daf-2	Control	61.3 ± 12.3	+10	82	+20	31
	daf-2	10-HDA 25 µM	67.2 ± 11.7		98		34
2	daf-2	Control	63.7 ± 10.5	+24	87	+46	49
	daf-2	10-HDA 25 µM	79.2 ± 17.5		127		41
3	daf-2	Control	63.0 ± 11.9	+14	83	+18	53
	daf-2	10-HDA 25 µM	71.8 ± 13.9		98		61
1	eat-2	Control	32.5 ± 2.8	+6	39	+25	23
	eat-2	10-HDA 25 µM	34.5 ± 4.4		49		21
2	eat-2	Control	39.8 ± 4.8	−13	56	−14	30
	eat-2	10-HDA 25 µM	34.8 ± 5.1		48		11
3	eat-2	Control	37.0 ± 5.3	−7	54	−4	71
	eat-2	10-HDA 25 µM	34.4 ± 4.4		52		83
1	unc-24/+	Control	37.8 ± 0.8	+4	46	+9	58
	unc-24/+	10-HDA 25 µM	40.2 ± 1.1		50		61
	unc-24/daf-15	Control	39.6 ± 1.3	−5	49	−14	71
	unc-24/daf-15	10-HDA 25 µM	36.4 ± 0.6		42		65
2	unc-24/+	Control	36.6 ± 0.5	+4	46	+9	58
	unc-24/+	10-HDA 25 µM	38.1 ± 0.6		50		61
	unc-24/daf-15	Control	37.7 ± 0.5	−5	49	−14	71
	unc-24/daf-15	10-HDA 25 µM	35.8 ± 0.4		42		65
3	unc-24/+	Control	37.7 ± 0.6	+6	47	+13	43
	unc-24/+	10-HDA 25 µM	39.8 ± 0.7		53		47
	unc-24/daf-15	Control	39.1 ± 0.6	−5	53	−11	85
	unc-24/daf-15	10-HDA 25 µM	37.2 ± 0.4		47		83
4	unc-24/+	Control	36.5 ± 4.6	+7	46	+11	38
	unc-24/+	10-HDA 25 µM	39.0 ± 5.8		51		41
	unc-24/daf-15	Control	37.8 ± 5.3	−3	50	−10	37
	unc-24/daf-15	10-HDA 25 µM	36.5 ± 4.1		45		39