Is Self-Reported Physical Activity Participation Associated with Lower Health Services Utilization among Older Adults? Cross-Sectional Evidence from the Canadian Community Health Survey

Table 1

Predisposing, enabling, health need, personal health practices, environmental, and community control variables included in the multivariate analyses.

Control variables	Factors
Predisposing factors	Age; gender; marital status; education; ethnicity; immigration
Enabling factors	Annual household income; employment status; speaks English and/or French; has regular doctor; household size; dwelling size
Need factors	Self-rated general health; self-rated mental health; injury in the previous 12 months; limitations in ADLs; number of chronic conditions; chronic conditions^†; BMI classification
Personal lifestyle factors	Smoking status; exposure to second hand smoke; alcohol consumption; walking/cycling for transportation; typical daily physical activity outside of leisure time
Environmental factors	Province; urban-rural residence

Specified chronic conditions include hypertension, cardio-/cerebrovascular disease (heart disease, stroke); COPD (emphysema, chronic bronchitis); asthma; diabetes; cancer (currently have/ever had); neurological conditions (chronic fatigue, syndrome, migraines, Alzheimer’s, other dementia, epilepsy); rheumatological conditions (fibromyalgia, arthritis/rheumatism); back problems; gastrointestinal conditions (intestinal/stomach ulcers; Crohn’s disease/ulcerative colitis/irritable bowel syndrome/bowel incontinence); mood/anxiety disorders; other mental health conditions (schizophrenia, autism/other developmental disorder, eating disorder); conditions not otherwise listed.