Effects of Medicare Coverage of a “Welcome-to-Medicare” Visit on Use of Preventive Services among New Medicare Enrollees
Table 2
Odds ratios derived from multivariate logit models for having a mammogram, breast self-exam, Pap smear, or prostate cancer screening (Health and Retirement Study data, 1996–2008).
Mammogram
Breast self-exam
Pap smear
Prostate
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Post 2005
0.94 (0.62–1.41)
0.97 (0.69–1.36)
0.75(0.55–1.03)
0.64(0.42–0.97)
Treatment
0.87 (0.55–1.37)
1.33 (0.89–1.99)
1.23 (0.84–1.80)
0.85 (0.51–1.40)
Post
0.89 (0.42–1.88)
0.85 (0.43–1.65)
1.19 (0.64–2.21)
1.70 (0.74–3.89)
Previous use of the service
10.81(7.80–14.99)
13.88(10.52–18.32)
7.50(5.70–9.88)
4.75(3.29–6.86)
Married
1.13 (0.78–1.65)
1.50(1.08–2.09)
1.19 (0.88–1.62)
1.13 (0.71–1.81)
White
0.36 (0.09–1.40)
0.88 (0.29–2.64)
0.55 (0.20–1.46)
0.64 (0.15–2.67)
Black
0.65 (0.15–2.75)
0.75 (0.24–2.39)
0.87 (0.30–2.44)
0.92 (0.20–4.12)
Hispanic
0.34 (0.07–1.50)
0.45 (0.13–1.53)
0.62 (0.20–1.90)
0.67 (0.13–3.31)
High school/GED
0.99 (0.64–1.53)
0.64(0.43–0.96)
1.10 (0.77–1.59)
1.58(0.98–2.55)
Some college and beyond
1.12 (0.69–1.80)
0.81 (0.53–1.24)
1.16 (0.79–1.70)
1.65(0.98–2.76)
Employer provided insurance
1.56(1.10–2.22)
0.89 (0.67–1.18)
1.34(1.02–1.76)
1.12 (0.77–1.62)
Employment
0.48(0.27–0.86)
1.82(1.03–3.23)
0.94 (0.57–1.54)
1.30 (0.76–2.24)
Driving
1.53 (0.91–2.57)
0.95 (0.58–1.58)
0.71 (0.45–1.12)
2.27 (0.72–7.09)
Income 2
1.30 (0.85–1.99)
1.08 (0.73–1.57)
1.24 (0.87–1.76)
1.00 (0.61–1.63)
Income 3
1.25 (0.77–2.02)
0.95 (0.62–1.44)
1.34 (0.90–1.98)
1.27 (0.74–2.19)
Northeast
1.02 (0.54–1.92)
1.21 (0.70–2.10)
1.65(0.99–2.76)
0.61 (0.30–1.25)
Midwest
0.79 (0.46–1.35)
0.71 (0.45–1.12)
1.06 (0.69–1.62)
0.74 (0.40–1.36)
South
1.20 (0.72–2.02)
0.86 (0.56–1.34)
1.12 (0.74–1.68)
0.83 (0.46–1.47)
Rural
1.18 (0.84–1.67)
1.33(0.99–1.78)
0.97 (0.74–1.28)
1.07 (0.74–1.55)
Not smoking
2.15(1.40–3.30)
1.24 (0.82–1.86)
1.11 (0.76–1.63)
2.17(1.37–3.43)
Not drinking
0.68(0.45–1.03)
1.05 (0.75–1.46)
0.79 (0.57–1.09)
1.09 (0.76–1.56)
Overweight
0.84 (0.59–1.21)
1.03 (0.76–1.39)
0.97 (0.72–1.29)
1.03 (0.69–1.53)
Exercise
1.19 (0.79–1.79)
0.86 (0.60–1.25)
1.17 (0.83–1.66)
1.25 (0.76–2.04)
No chronic diseases
0.55(0.34–0.89)
1.17 (0.75–1.81)
0.88 (0.58–1.33)
0.46(0.28–0.76)
No ADL
1.38 (0.85–2.24)
0.79 (0.50–1.26)
1.25 (0.82–1.89)
0.55(0.30–1.02)
Zero CES-D
1.30 (0.91–1.84)
0.88 (0.65–1.18)
1.11 (0.84–1.47)
1.64(1.13–2.39)
Better than good health
0.73 (0.48–1.10)
0.85 (0.60–1.19)
1.03 (0.75–1.42)
0.93 (0.61–1.43)
Less than good health
0.84 (0.54–1.32)
0.90 (0.60–1.34)
0.91 (0.63–1.31)
1.49 (0.91–2.44)
Better than good eyesight
1.47(1.01–2.14)
0.80 (0.59–1.10)
1.29(0.96–1.73)
1.42(0.94–2.15)
Less than good eyesight
1.12 (0.71–1.76)
0.97 (0.65–1.46)
1.02 (0.70–1.48)
0.90 (0.55–1.45)
Pseudo -squared
0.25
0.26
0.17
0.16
Sample size
Notes. CI = confidence interval. Sample sizes vary across models because some individuals are missing data on some items and because there are different numbers of women and men in the sample. Significant at 10%, significant at 5%, and significant at 1%.
