Research Article
Positive Mental Attitude Associated with Lower 35-Year Mortality: The Leisure World Cohort Study
Table 2
Baseline characteristics in the Leisure World Cohort Study, 1980s.
| | Characteristic | Total () | Men () | Women () |
| | | Mean ± SD | | Age at baseline, years | 73.6 ± 7.3 | 74.3 ± 7.2 | 73.2 ± 7.4 | | Age at last follow-up, years | 87.6 ± 7.4 | 86.1 ± 7.1 | 88.5 ± 7.4 | | Follow-up years | 14.0 ± 8.3 | 11.7 ± 7.7 | 15.3 ± 8.3 | | Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 24.2 ± 2.9 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | | Exercise, hours/day | 1.0 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | | Alcohol, drinks/day | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.2 | | Caffeine, mg/day | 171 ± 168 | 176 ± 172 | 168 ± 166 | | | (%) | | History of disease | | High blood pressure | 5335 (39%) | 1803 (36%) | 3532 (41%) | | Angina | 1547 (11%) | 728 (15%) | 819 (9.4%) | | Heart attack | 1396 (10%) | 828 (17%) | 568 (6.5%) | | Stroke | 670 (4.9%) | 351 (7.0%) | 319 (3.7%) | | Cancer | 1593 (12%) | 467 (9.4%) | 1126 (13%) | | Diabetes | 841 (6.2%) | 414 (8.3%) | 427 (4.9%) | | Rheumatoid arthritis | 807 (5.9%) | 220 (4.4%) | 587 (6.8%) | | Cigarette use | | Never | 6436 (47%) | 1664 (33%) | 4772 (55%) | | Past | 5724 (42%) | 2900 (58%) | 2824 (33%) | | Current | 1514 (11%) | 428 (8.6%) | 1086 (12%) | | Total attitude | | Missing response | 657 (4.8%) | 207 (4.1%) | 450 (5.2%) | | 7–20 | 2646 (19%) | 995 (20%) | 1651 (19%) | | 21–24 | 3421 (25%) | 1286 (26%) | 2135 (25%) | | 25–26 | 2757 (20%) | 1051 (21%) | 1706 (20%) | | 27–28 | 4193 (31%) | 1453 (29%) | 2740 (32%) | | Alive at follow-up | 269 (2.0%) | 44 (0.9%) | 225 (2.6%) |
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Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation. for all differences between men and women except caffeine ( ) and total attitude ( ). |
