Acceptance of Driverless Vehicles: Results from a Large Cross-National Questionnaire Study
Table 1
Means (M), standard deviations (SD), and distribution of questionnaire items on a scale from 1 (disagree strongly) to 6 (agree strongly), unless indicated .
Semantic content
Item
M
SD
1
2
3
4
5
6
Liking of being in control
Q36. Would like to have button inside DV.
5.18
1.15
146
144
297
1299
1532
4296
Intention to use
Q38. Would use 100% electric DV.
5.09
1.20
200
168
301
1316
1804
3924
Enjoyment of technology
Q74. Fun to use electronic device.
4.99
1.10
79
179
402
1656
2143
3261
Pleasure
Q37. Think I would enjoy taking a ride in DV.
4.90
1.22
226
213
350
1610
2213
3114
Enjoy manual
Q29. Need vehicle to be flexible.
4.77
1.38
294
355
601
1539
1700
3230
Ease of use
Q52. Learning to operate DV would be easy for me.
4.76
1.18
162
218
536
2015
2228
2535
Intention to use
Q43. Would use 100% electric DV from train station to final destination.
4.72
1.25
256
227
506
1965
2217
2546
Enjoyment of technology
Q73. Rapidly and intuitively learn to handle unfamiliar electronic devices.
4.67
1.17
136
255
605
2201
2304
2210
Miscellaneous
Q62. Environmental protection crucial for transportation.
4.64
1.21
143
291
697
2267
1999
2312
Knowledge of mobility
Q75. Often think about how mobility in city could be improved.
4.63
1.22
163
320
681
2179
2110
2268
Pleasure
Q39. Would find it important that DVs are aesthetic in terms of styling and design.
4.62
1.21
201
263
601
2252
2286
2101
Intention to use
Q40. Would share DV with 6–8 fellow travelers.
4.48
1.29
296
343
752
2235
2192
1905
Usefulness
Q49. Would use DV for daily travel because would be better and more convenient.
4.48
1.28
289
329
754
2293
2168
1894
Ease of use
Q50. Think DV would be easier to use than existing travel.
4.46
1.28
273
328
849
2280
2118
1879
Enjoy manual
Q30. Driving is especially fun for me.
4.44
1.45
458
445
741
1899
1812
2263
Skeptical
Q65. There will always be accidents, even with DVs on the road.
4.38
1.27
227
434
908
2463
1976
1698
Trust
Q56. Trust that DV can drive without assistance from me.
4.36
1.25
280
370
872
2456
2280
1479
Satisfaction daily travel
Q31. Satisfied with possibilities available to cover daily travel needs.
4.36
1.28
272
442
886
2348
2189
1582
Usefulness
Q53. Think that DV would be more useful than existing travel.
4.35
1.30
308
391
948
2376
2033
1663
Liking of being in control
Q48. Would like to take over control from DV.
4.34
1.40
438
425
832
2314
1755
1940
Liking of being in control
Q70. Careful driver can prevent any accident on road.
4.33
1.40
322
600
1059
1865
1996
1886
Knowledge of mobility
Q87. Would like to use mobility flat-rate for mobility services in city.
4.33
1.12
191
296
731
3194
2036
1173
Social influence
Q63. People who are important to me would like it when I use DV.
4.33
1.18
221
328
896
2725
2193
1253
Intention to use
Q81. Would use SDVs together with passengers in public transport.
4.32
1.29
366
384
793
2505
2214
1453
Intention to use
Q80. Would like to buy SDV.
4.22
1.37
446
504
900
2452
1914
1504
Wish for car-free future
Q93. Roads be redesigned with bicycle lane that replaces car lane.
4.20
1.35
407
461
1077
2491
1741
1501
Trust
Q58. Trust DV to be safe and reliable in severe weather conditions.
4.15
1.34
384
532
1212
2346
1891
1354
Future orientation
Q83. SDVs will be legally accepted as independent drivers.
4.14
1.24
345
414
1122
2816
1935
1045
Intention to use
Q82. Would like to use SDVs in carsharing scheme.
4.09
1.27
402
492
1013
2807
1950
975
Miscellaneous
Q61. Prefer to keep physical distance between myself and strangers.
4.09
1.32
369
601
1193
2538
1797
1201
Trust
Q44. Would feel comfortable in vehicle without steering wheel, gas or brake pedals.
4.01
1.43
563
587
1388
2232
1581
1368
Knowledge of mobility
Q76. Friends and acquaintances often consult me on mobility options.
4.00
1.30
401
656
1208
2633
1883
929
Enjoyment of technology
Q72. Friends and acquaintances often ask for advice, when they have technical problem.
4.00
1.31
450
655
1066
2719
1886
921
Knowledge of mobility
Q78. Often provide others with information regarding mobility options.
4.00
1.30
396
662
1207
2670
1868
916
Knowledge of mobility
Q77. Often first to make people aware of new mobility.
4.00
1.33
428
656
1267
2542
1798
1014
Liking of being in control
Q68. When driver is involved in accident, (s)he did not drive properly.
3.92
1.41
471
877
1415
2100
1748
1099
Wish for car-free future
Q92. Would like to live in car-free neighbourhood.
3.88
1.48
703
730
1330
2236
1471
1238
Trust
Q64. Would trust driving skills of DV more than own driving skills.
3.80
1.47
732
803
1446
2060
1637
1019
Skeptical
Q42. DVs would take away the pleasure or enjoyment.
3.78
1.42
693
780
1340
2497
1477
920
Skeptical
Q57. Would feel uncomfortable entrusting safety of family to DV.
3.78
1.33
492
830
1621
2503
1461
806
Social influence
Q60. Would like to have friends or family adopt DV before I do.
3.77
1.30
520
740
1592
2676
1450
692
Intention to use
Q54. Indicate when you would use DV. Only most relevant option
3.74
1.15
221
768
2228
2555
1408
507
Satisfaction daily travel
Q28. Can organize my day flexibly with public transport.
3.73
1.49
884
821
1149
2308
1638
883
Intention to use
Q51. Even if more expensive than existing travel, would prefer DVs.
3.72
1.45
756
850
1537
2170
1504
904
Intention to use
Q41. Indicate when you would use DV. Only most relevant option
3.67
1.27
633
894
1399
2163
2573
Skeptical
Q59. Would not use DV because technology can fail.
3.48
1.32
636
1128
1995
2429
946
594
Future orientation
Q86. SDVs will be normal part of everyday mobility
3.43
0.79
231
665
2102
4242
Enjoy manual
Q66. Often feel like racing driver when driving manually.
3.40
1.55
1314
932
1388
2036
1250
687
Wish for car-free future
Q91. In cities, EVs will completely replace combustion engines within next 20–30 years
3.37
0.82
307
598
2284
3845
Future orientation
Q84. SDVs will mostly be shared vehicles
3.36
0.85
338
671
2050
3796
Enjoy manual
Q69. Like to learn to drive vehicles that exceed speed of 300 km/h.
3.27
1.72
1836
1011
1164
1604
1077
1014
Future orientation
Q85. SDVs will mostly be privately owned
3.22
0.93
426
1133
1870
3516
Wish for car-free future
Q90. Roads in cities will be redesigned to privilege non-motorized travel
3.21
0.88
411
913
2590
3253
Miscellaneous
Q67. Driving without accidents is mainly matter of luck.
3.16
1.53
1439
1445
1417
1849
989
575
Wish for car-free future
Q88. Many car-free neighborhoods with exceptional car use and no parking space
2.94
0.96
672
1258
2563
2226
Wish for car-free future
Q89. City centers closed to car-traffic
2.89
0.99
789
1399
2439
2242
Wish for car-free future
Q94. Think of your own neighbourhood. Which of following statements do you agree to most? Select only one option
1.83
0.82
3375
2302
2078
Liking of being in control
Q46. Mind being transported by DV supervised by ECR
1.58
0.49
3136
4390
Note. (E) DV = (electric) driverless vehicle, SDV = self-driving vehicle, and ECR = external control room.
