A Computational Framework for Revealing Competitive Travel Times with Low-Carbon Modes Based on Smartphone Data Collection

Table 1

Components of the computational framework together with parameters evaluated in experimental results.

Component	Parameters
1. Experiment setup, filtering the sampled data, and extracting door-to-door trips	Temporal coverage and distribution of observed door-to-door trips
	Spatial coverage and density of trips and origin/destinations throughout the city
	Distribution and share of recorded trips among all participants
2. Potential of substituting observed car trips with time-relevant low-carbon alternatives	Size and fraction of car trips with possibility of shift to low-carbon time-relevant modes
	Distribution of modal shift possibilities by trip distance, departure time, and transportation mode
	Spatial coverage of substitutable car trips throughout the city, depending on the alternative modes grouped as PT and bike
3. Emission savings and increased nonmotorized traveled distance	Size of emission savings as a result of modal shift from car trips
	Distribution and frequencies of emission savings among trips
	Distribution of emission savings among different alternative modes
	Size of increased traveled distance with nonmotorized modes, implying increased physical activity by more walking and cycling
	Comparison and clustering of trips based on potential emission saving versus increased bike and walk traveled distance
4. Person-based analysis	Identifying active participants for the purpose of a valid person-based analysis
	Distribution and share of recorded trips among active participants
	Distribution of modal shift possibilities among active participants
	Distribution and frequencies of emission savings among participants
	Comparison of trips based on their emission saving versus increased bike and walk traveled distance
5. Frequently observed unique trips	Distribution of unique trips among active participants
	Size and fraction of unique car trips with possible shift to low-carbon time-relevant modes
	Consistency of modal shift possibility among unique car trips
	Departure time, trip distance, and travel time of unique car trips with consistent modal shift possibility
	Size of emission savings
	Comparison of unique trips based on their emission saving versus increased bike and walk traveled distance
	Distribution of modal shift possibilities among active participants
6. Potential of substituting noncar trips with low-carbon alternatives	Similar variables as listed above, in addition to share of transportation modes among low-carbon alternatives