Effect of High-Altitude Environment on Driving Safety: A Study on Drivers’ Mental Workload, Situation Awareness, and Driving Behaviour

Table 4

Factor loading and statistics.

Category	Brief items	High-altitude	Low-altitude	Factor loading
		Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Ordinary violations (OV)
ov_1	Ignore the red light and pass through an intersection	1.447 (0.794)	1.420 (0.643)	0.701
ov_2^a	Increase speed to pass a yellow light	2.101 (1.119)	1.971 (0.781)	0.654 (0.401)
ov_3	Drive the wrong lane in the opposite direction	1.320 (0.699)	1.325 (0.533)	0.736
ov_4	Take more passengers than allowed	1.253 (0.674)	1.299 (0.561)	0.648
ov_5^a	Disregard the speed limit of the roads	1.843 (1.068)	1.736 (0.787)	0.654 (0.411)
ov_6	Forget to wear seat belt	1.694 (1.074)	1.472 (0.731)	0.534
ov_7	Use the cellular phone while driving	1.975 (1.041)	1.823 (0.863)	0.479
Errors (ER)
er_1	Fail to notice when a traffic-signal turns green	2.039 (0.972)	2.009 (0.705)	0.675
er_2	Misjudge an overtaking gap	1.879 (0.981)	1.942 (0.753)	0.787
er_3	Hit a cyclist nearly when turning right	1.767 (0.958)	1.806 (0.755)	0.658
er_4	Brake inappropriately to stop	1.826 (0.972)	1.959 (0.795)	0.789
er_5	Insufficient attention to vehicle or pedestrian ahead	1.803 (0.962)	1.832 (0.720)	0.620
Aggressive violations (AV)
av_1	Drive too close to impel the car in front to go faster	1.927 (1.018)	1.710 (0.733)	0.557
av_2	Feel angered by another driver's behaviour	2.360 (1.106)	1.925 (0.883)	0.744
av_3	Become impatient with a slow driver and pass on the right	2.421 (1.156)	2.238 (0.922)	0.670
av_4	Race away from traffic lights to beat the driver next to you	1.801 (0.980)	1.545 (0.702)	0.58
av_5	Be annoyed and sound the horn	1.896 (1.017)	1.725 (0.787)	0.592
Lapses (LA)
la_1	Intend to A, but driving on route to B	2.410 (0.982)	2.493 (0.789)	0.696
la_2	Turn on the wrong device of the vehicle	1.935 (1.006)	1.919 (0.770)	0.710
la_3	Forget where the car parked	1.924 (1.014)	2.006 (0.892)	0.732
la_4	Feel unsure about the lane when approaching an intersection	2.017 (1.045)	1.954 (0.868)	0.724
la_5	Forget to open lights timely when the night has come	2.110 (1.049)	1.870 (0.805)	0.688

^aVariable was dropped from the measurement due to cross-loading, with 0.401 and 0.411 to aggressive violations, respectively.