I See Your Gesture: A VR-Based Study of Bidirectional Communication between Pedestrians and Automated Vehicles

Table 1

Responses to pre- and postexperiment questions regarding trust in automated vehicles and hand gestures (1 = strongly disagree and 10 = strongly agree) (n = 26).

Question	Preexperiment	Postexperiment	Paired t-test
1. I have trust in self-driving vehicles	6.04 (1.95)	6.58 (1.72)	t (25) = −1.59, p = 0.124
2. I have trust that self-driving vehicles will notice me	6.19 (1.86)	6.27 (1.71)	t (25) = −0.19, p = 0.849
3. I have trust that self-driving vehicles will respond to hand gestures	5.15 (2.26)	6.77 (2.03)	t (25) = −2.87, p = 0.008
4. I have trust that hand gestures can be used to communicate with a self-driving vehicle	6.04 (2.44)	7.62 (1.92)	t (25) = −3.12, p = 0.005