Understanding the Factors That Are Associated with Motorcycle Crash Severity in Rural and Urban Areas of Ghana

Table 3

Mixed multinomial logit model estimation results for rural motorcycle crashes.

Variable			Marginal effects
	Parameter estimate	t-Statistic	Fatal injury	Incapacitating injury	Minor injury	No injury
Constant [FI]	2.732	15.93
Steering defect [FI]	0.563	2.11	0.0023	−0.0015	−0.0007	−0.0001
Straight and flat road [FI]	−0.320	−3.01	−0.0442	0.0225	0.0191	0.0026
Rider age more than 60 [FI]	0.975	3.04	0.0028	−0.0016	−0.001	−0.0002
Rider age between 45 and 60 [FI]	0.471	3.11	0.0064	−0.0036	−0.0024	−0.0004
Head-on collision [FI]	1.273	10.89	0.0572	−0.0321	−0.0223	−0.0029
Rider loss control [FI]	0.460	2.37	0.0035	−0.0022	−0.0011	−0.0002
Sideswipe [FI]	−0.575	−4.60	−0.0129	0.0048	0.0071	0.001
Constant [II]	1.613	2.15
Multi-vehicle collision [II]	0.257	2.07	−0.0315	0.0419	−0.0091	−0.0013
Standard deviation for “multi-vehicle collision” (normally distributed)	2.837	4.49
Dark and unlit lighting condition [II]	−0.321	−2.65	0.0065	−0.109	0.0038	0.0006
Standard deviation for “dark and unlit roadway” (normally distributed)	1.092	1.86
Male rider [II]	1.249	1.70	−0.1088	0.1674	−0.0522	−0.0064
Collision at 4-way stop [II]	1.201	1.69	−0.0007	0.0011	−0.0004	−0.0001
Collision at T junction [MI]	0.227	1.74	−0.0016	−0.0009	0.0026	−0.0001
Constant [MI]	2.135	13.76
Paved roadway [MI]	−0.432	−4.63	0.0175	0.0097	−0.0286	0.0014
Rider not at fault [MI]	0.339	3.11	−0.0067	−0.0034	0.0107	−0.0006
Rider age less than 21 [MI]	0.320	2.65	−0.0039	−0.0026	0.0068	−0.0003
Run-off-road [MI]	−0.667	−3.65	0.003	0.0023	−0.0055	0.0002
Collision with pedestrian [NI]	−2.939	−2.91	0.0003	0.0003	0.0002	−0.0007
Wet pavement [NI]	1.729	2.64	−0.0005	−0.0003	−0.0002	0.001
Rear-end crash [NI]	0.431	1.88	−0.0015	−0.0007	−0.0009	0.0031
Model statistics
Number of observations	4207
Log-likelihood restricted	−5832.14
Log-likelihood at convergence	−4462.51
McFadden pseudo-	0.23