Investigating the Impacts of Road Traffic Conditions and Driver’s Characteristics on Automated Vehicle Takeover Time and Quality Using a Driving Simulator

Table 18

Pairwise test results among genders and ages on takeover time.

Variables	Type		Mean difference	Standard deviation	Degree of freedom	Significance probability
Gender	Male	Female	−0.743	0.132	308.709	≤0.001
Age	20 s	30 s	−0.056	0.242	301.458	1.000
		40 s	−0.272	0.244	302.486	1.000
		50 s	−0.468	0.202	304.900	0.212
		60 s or older	−1.651	0.209	314.834	≤0.001
	30 s	40 s	−0.216	0.236	302.559	1.000
		50 s	−0.412	0.192	305.270	0.326
		60 s or older	−1.595	0.199	316.152	≤0.001
	40 s	50 s	−0.196	0.195	306.777	1.000
		60 s or older	−1.379	0.201	317.264	≤0.001
	50 s	60 s or older	−1.183	0.148	333.335	≤0.001

value is less than 0.05, indicating that the difference is statistically significant at the 95% of confidence level.