Molecular Mechanism of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: Central Role of Glutathione in Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal and in Heavy Metal Chelation

Table 1

Heavy metal tolerant plant species and traits associated with GSH and their metabolizing enzymes in ROS and MG metabolism.

Plants	Phenotype/genotype	Components of defense system related to GSH	References
Arabis paniculata	Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator	High GSH level	[247]
Phragmites australis	Cd accumulator	High GR, GST, GPX activities and AsA and GSH level	[242]
Sedum alfredii	Zn hyperaccumulator	High GSH level	[249]
Thlaspi caerulescens	Cd tolerant; Cd accumulator	High GSH level	[243]
Pisum sativum	Cd tolerant	High GSH level	[173]
Arabidopsis thaliana	Ni tolerant	High GSH level	[172]
Thlaspi goesingense	Ni tolerant/Ni accumulator	High GSH level	[172]
Triticum aestivum	Al tolerant	High GST activity	[244]
Pteris vittata	As hyperaccumulator	High GSH level	[245]
Sedum alfredii	Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator	High GSH level and high DHAR and GR activities	[246]
Nicotiana tabacum	Zinc tolerant Gly I and Gly II inserted transgenic plants	High Gly I and Gly II activities and high GSH level	[17]
Sedum alfredii	Pb accumulator	High GSH level	[248]