Socioeconomic Impacts on Survival Differ by Race/Ethnicity among Adolescents and Young Adults with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Table 2
Multivariate hazard for all-cause and lymphoma-specific using Cox Proportional Hazards model for adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients.
ACM
LSM
Characteristic
Unadjusted HR (95% CI)
Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Unadjusted HR (95% CI)
Adjusted HR (95% CI)
Sex
Male
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
Female
0.54 (0.47–0.63)*
0.65 (0.57–0.75)*
0.79 (0.66-0.93)*
0.93 (0.78–1.11)
Age at Diagnosis
By year
1.01 (1.00–1.02)*
1.02 (1.01–1.03)*
0.99 (0.98–1.00)
1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
Non-Hispanic Black
1.50 (1.20–1.86)*
1.13 (0.90–1.41)
1.38 (1.03–1.86)*
1.11 (0.82–1.51)
Hispanic/Latino
1.30 (1.13–1.49)*
1.07 (0.92–1.25)
1.27 (1.06–1.53)
1.08 (0.88–1.32)
Asian/Pacific Islander
0.86 (0.68–1.08)
0.99 (0.78–1.26)
1.35 (1.04–1.74)*
1.52 (1.17–1.98)*
Stage
Local
1.00 (Ref)†
1.00 (Ref)†
1.00 (Ref)†
1.00 (Ref)†
Regional
1.16 (0.93–1.45)
1.28 (1.02–1.62)*
1.85 (1.39–2.47)*
1.62 (1.21–2.18)*
Distant
2.94 (2.50–3.46)
3.16 (2.63–3.81)*
3.68 (2.91–4.65)*
3.14 (2.42–4.06)*
Nodality
Nodal
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
Extranodal
1.03 (0.90–1.17)
1.29 (1.11–1.50)*
0.71 (0.59–0.86)*
0.99 (0.81–1.22)
First-course Chemotherapy
Yes
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
No
0.75 (0.62–0.91)*
1.27 (1.02-1.57)*
0.24 (0.16–0.36)*
0.37 (0.24–0.57)*
First-course Radiation
Yes
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
No
1.31 (1.15–1.50)
0.94 (0.82–1.09)
1.43 (1.19–1.71)*
1.01 (0.83–1.22)
nSES
Highest
1.00 (Ref)†
1.00 (Ref)†
1.00 (Ref)†
1.00 (Ref)†
High
1.22 (0.98–1.50)
1.15 (0.93–1.42)
1.07 (0.81–1.41)
1.08 (0.81–1.41)
Middle
1.33 (1.08–1.63)*
1.20 (0.97–1.48)
1.27 (0.98–1.66)
1.21 (0.93–1.59)
Low
1.67 (1.37–2.05)*
1.39 (1.12–1.71)*
1.62 (1.26–2.10)*
1.49 (1.14–1.96)*
Lowest
1.97 (1.62–2.40)*
1.40 (1.13–1.75)*
1.70 (1.31–2.20)*
1.38 (1.04–1.84)*
Insurance
None
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
1.00 (Ref)
Managed or Private
0.62 (0.47–0.82)*
0.82 (0.62–1.08)
0.74 (0.52–1.07)
0.96 (0.66–1.39)
Government
1.41 (1.07–1.87)*
1.32 (1.00–1.75)
1.24 (0.85–1.81)
1.16 (0.79–1.70)
Unknown
0.87 (0.63–1.21)
0.96 (0.69–1.33)
0.88 (0.57–1.37)
0.89 (0.65–1.20)
Source: California Cancer Registry. Individuals diagnosed between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2005. Abbreviations: nSES: neighborhood socioeconomic status, ACM: all-cause mortality, LSM: lymphoma-specific mortality, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref: reference. adjusted hazard ratios are fully adjusted for the other variables in the model, in addition to major histology (Burkitt’s, follicular, lymphoblastic, diffuse large B-cell, anaplastic, and other/unknown) and diagnostic year. Results for individuals with race/ethnicity other than what is listed (N = 40), or cases missing data for stage (N = 202) or chemotherapy (N = 42) were excluded from analysis. : N = 3,489, with 1,081 deaths. : N = 3,489, with 593 deaths.
*Test for significance at = 0.05. †Test for trend significant at = 0.05.
