Socioeconomic Impacts on Survival Differ by Race/Ethnicity among Adolescents and Young Adults with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Table 3
Multivariate adjusted hazard for all-cause among race/ethnicities using Cox proportional hazards model.
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic Black
Hispanic/Latino
Asian/Pacific Islander
Characteristic
N
HR
95% CI
N
HR
95% CI
N
HR
95% CI
N
HR
95% CI
Sex
Males
1,178
1.00† (Ref)
—
169
1.00† (Ref)
—
701
1.00† (Ref)
—
209
1.00† (Ref)
—
Females
627
0.66
0.54–0.82
92
0.77
0.48–1.23
364
0.54
0.42–0.70
149
0.73
0.45–1.20
Age at Diagnosis
By year
1,805
1.02
1.01–1.04
261
1.01
0.97–1.04
1,065
1.02*
1.01–1.04
358
1.02
0.99–1.05
Tumor Stage
Local
538
1.00† (Ref)
—
68
1.00† (Ref)
—
341
1.00† (Ref)
—
139
1.00† (Ref)
—
Regional
367
1.21
0.86–1.71
47
0.80
0.36–1.79
202
1.46
0.99–2.16
88
1.01
0.47–2.19
Distant
900
3.41*
2.60–4.47
146
1.89*
1.02–3.49
522
3.16*
2.28–4.39
131
3.08*
1.65–5.77
Nodality
Nodal
1,319
1.00 (Ref)
—
180
1.00 (Ref)
—
691
1.00 (Ref)
—
216
1.00 (Ref)
—
Extranodal
486
1.51*
1.21–1.87
81
0.66
0.37–1.16
374
1.14
0.88–1.47
142
1.43
0.85–2.40
First-course Chemotherapy
Yes
1,513
1.00 (Ref)
—
222
1.00 (Ref)
—
915
1.00 (Ref)
—
295
1.00 (Ref)
—
No
292
1.24
0.90–1.71
39
2.02*
1.09–3.71
150
1.71*
1.19–2.46
63
0.25*
0.08–0.74
First-course Radiation
Yes
644
1.00 (Ref)
—
86
1.00 (Ref)
—
309
1.00 (Ref)
—
155
1.00 (Ref)
—
No
1,161
0.90
0.74–1.11
175
0.80
0.50–1.29
756
0.98
0.76–1.27
203
126
0.77–2.07
nSES
Highest
517
1.00 (Ref)†
—
18
1.00 (Ref)
—
88
1.00 (Ref)
—
125
1.00 (Ref)
—
High
454
1.19
0.91–1.55
43
0.86
0.33–2.24
138
1.14
0.69–1.88
87
0.54
0.25–1.17
Middle
388
1.33*
1.01–1.75
60
0.63
0.24–1.65
188
0.94
0.59–1.50
69
0.90
0.46–1.74
Low
287
1.62*
1.22–2.14
71
0.68
0.27–1.71
273
1.06
0.68–1.64
40
1.06
0.51–2.24
Lowest
159
2.25*
1.64–3.08
69
0.51
0.20–1.33
378
0.97
0.63–1.50
37
1.17
0.59–2.33
Insurance
None
61
1.00 (Ref)
—
12
1.00 (Ref)
—
93
1.00 (Ref)
—
14
1.00 (Ref)
—
Managed or Private
1,290
0.87
0.54–1.38
144
1.65
0.38–7.11
508
0.64*
0.43–0.95
267
0.91
0.31–2.71
Government
317
1.27
0.78–2.05
78
5.97*
1.41–25.24
340
1.00
0.68–1.47
53
1.47
0.48–4.56
Unknown
137
0.80*
0.45–1.40
27
1.72
0.35–8.48
124
0.98
0.62–1.53
24
0.80
0.17–3.78
Source: California Cancer Registry. Individuals diagnosed between January 1, 1996–December 31, 2005. Abbreviations: nSES: neighborhood socioeconomic status, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, Ref: reference. adjusted hazard ratios are fully adjusted for the other variables in the model, in addition to gender, major histology (Burkitt’s, follicular, lymphoblastic, diffuse large B-cell, anaplastic, and other/unknown) and diagnostic year. Results for individuals with race/ethnicity other than what is listed (N = 40), or cases missing data for stage (N = 202) or chemotherapy (N = 42) were excluded from analysis.
*Test for significance at = 0.05. †Test for trend significant at = 0.05.
