Comorbidities and Concomitant Medication Use in Men with Prostate Cancer or High Levels of PSA Compared to Matched Controls: A GPRD Analysis

Table 1

Baseline characteristics among prostate cancer patients, men with elevated PSA levels but no CaP, and their matched controls in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD, 1998–2008).

Study population	Prostate cancer patients (cases) and matched controls		Men with elevated PSA but no CaP (cases) and matched controls
	Cases	Controls	Cases	Controls
𝑁	2,616	2,616	10,128	10,128
Mean age^1, year (SD)	72 (9)		68 (9)
Region^1 (%)
Eastern	15%		14%
Southern	36%		38%
Northern	30%		28%
London	10%		9%
Others^2	9%		11%
Smoking^3 (%)
Never	49%	46%	47%	41%
Current	13%	15%	12%	16%
Past	38%	39%	41%	43%
PSA^3 (%)
≤2.5 ng/mL	3.5%	100.0%	0.0%	100.0%
2.51–10 ng/mL	29.5%	—	80.3%	—
>10 ng/mL	67.0%	—	19.7%	—
Elevated^4	93.9%	—	74.9%	—
Not elevated	6.1%	100.0%	25.1%	100.0%

¹Matching factors.
²Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales.
³Data on smoking status were missing for 168 CaP patients, 205 CaP controls, 511 men with elevated PSA, and 562 controls for elevated PSA; PSA data were missing for 1285 CaP patients.
⁴Based on UK cutoffs, ≥3.0 among those with age 50–59 years; ≥4.0 among those with age 60–69 years; >5.0 among those with age 70 and over.