Long-Term Survival in Young Women: Hazards and Competing Risks after Thyroid Cancer
Table 2
Multivariate Cox PH regression analyses 1975–2009 (SEER 9*): overall and disease-specific survival by age group.
Overall survival
Disease-specific (thyroid cancer) survival
Variable
<40 years
40+ years
<40 years
40+ years
HR (95% CI)†
HR (95% CI)†
HR (95% CI)†
HR (95% CI)†
Total
14,450
20,513
14,450
20,513
Number of deaths (%)
406 (2.8)
3,601 (17.6)
63 (0.4)
962 (4.7)
Histology subtype
PTC
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
FTC
0.93 (0.69–1.26)
1.46 (1.35–1.57)
1.65 (0.83–3.30)
1.68 (1.46–1.93)
Stage at diagnosis
Localized
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
Regional
1.13 (0.91–1.39)
1.56 (1.45–1.67)
1.14 (0.64–2.04)
3.76 (3.21–4.42)
Distant
1.96 (1.23–3.07)
4.96 (4.40–5.59)
7.8 (3.98–16.07)
19.80 (16.30–24.05)
Race/ethnicity
NH white
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
NH black
2.04 (1.45–2.87)
1.21 (1.07–1.37)
0.59 (0.14–2.44)
0.85 (0.65–1.12)
Hispanic
1.35 (0.96–1.90)
0.89 (0.77–1.02)
1.10 (0.47–2.58)
0.99 (0.78–1.24)
API
1.35 (0.98–1.86)
1.06 (0.93–1.15)
0.80 (0.32–2.02)
1.00 (0.83–1.21)
Marital status
Married
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
Not married
1.26 (1.03–1.54)
2.14 (2.00–2.30)
1.12 (0.67–1.86)
2.13 (1.86–2.43)
Unknown
1.17 (0.59–2.30)
1.61 (1.31–1.97)
0.67 (0.09–5.09)
1.40 (0.93–2.10)
Rural-Urban Continuum
Metropolitan
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
Nonmetropolitan
0.95 (0.69–1.31)
1.2 (1.09–1.32)
0.64 (0.26–1.61)
1.14 (0.95–1.38)
Radiation treatment
Yes (radiation received)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
No radiation
1.06 (0.84–1.33)
1.05 (0.97–1.13)
0.61 (0.35–1.06)
0.66 (0.58–0.76)
Surgical treatment
Yes (surgery received)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
No surgery
3.65 (1.14–11.72)
4.97 (4.17–5.93)
15.14 (3.30–69.49)
4.97 (3.87–6.39)
Subsequent primary cancers
No subsequent primaries
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1.00 (ref.)
1+ subsequent primaries
4.63 (3.76–5.71)
1.67 (1.55–1.80)
1.67 (0.86–3.25)
0.56 (0.46–0.68)
Year of diagnosis
0.99 (0.97–1.00)
0.99 (0.98–0.99)
0.98 (0.94–1.02)
0.97 (0.96–0.97)
†HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval. *SEER 9: Connecticut, Hawaii, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah; metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Detroit, Seattle, and Atlanta.
