Review Article
Worldwide Increasing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer: Update on Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Table 3
Potential carcinogenic factors thyroid cancer.
| | | Factor | Source |
| | Exogenous | X-rays | Medical imaging (dental X-ray and CT scans) | |
131I | Nuclear medicine procedures | | Iodine | Diet, iodine prophylaxis, BRAFV600E (?) | | Nitrate | Water and diet | | Westernized lifestyle and environmental | Undiscovered carcinogens | | pollutants | Bisphenol A (BPA), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) |
| | | Factor | Mechanism |
| | Endogenous | TSH | Thyroid growth stimulation | | Autoimmune | increased TSH and oxidative stress | | Thyroiditis | | | Obesity and insulin resistance | Hyperinsulinemia promotes cancer, but this factor is not specific for the thyroid |
|
|
