Abstract
We investigated synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles (Nps) and their ameliorative roles as additives concrete structures. Synthesized Zirconia Nps were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectrophotometer, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). We used standard Portland cement in related experiment Concrete Structures. The experimental or E series (E1–E4) mixtures were prepared with different amounts of ZrO2 Nps with an average particle size of 20 nm. The experimental mixtures were prepared 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 2.0% ZrO2 Nps/cement by weight. The modified cement with ZrO2 nanoparticles was studied with split tensile strength, flexural strength and setting time methods. Final results showed that Zirconia Nps could be used for their Ameliorative roles as Additives Concrete Structures.
1. Introduction
Concrete is as essential to our modern world as computers or electricity. In fact it is employed extensively in the construction industry and consumed at a rate of 6 billion tones per year [1, 2]. Concrete is a mixture of stone and sand held together by a hardened paste of cement and water [3]. When the ingredients are thoroughly mixed they make a plastic mass which can be casted or molded into a predetermined size and shape [4, 5]. When the cement paste hardens the concrete becomes very hard like a rock. It has great durability and the ability of carrying high loads especially in compression. As it is initially plastic it can be used in various types of constructions [6, 7]. However, conventional concrete suffers from a number of inherent deficiencies, such as its low tensile strength. The cement grains bind together and create a stone-like material called concrete [8, 9]. Despite cementations materials being the most widely used in building material through the world, its chemical and physical components make the fundamental mechanisms, although its usage is not understood well [10]. Development of new techniques to characterize materials at the nano scale has also provided a unique opportunity for studying cement. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies represent a field of study that is currently attracting a great deal of attention [11, 12]. The prefix “nano” refers to the nanometer (nm), one billionth of a meter. The unusual mechanical, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties exhibited by materials with dimensions in the range 100 nm down to around 0.1 nm (the size of a single atom) can differ markedly from the properties of the same materials at larger dimensions. In recent years, researchers have become increasingly adept at manipulating the shape and size of materials at the nanometer scale and have therefore been able to study and exploit these unusual properties [13]. Nanscience and nanotechnologies provide a perfect field for multidisciplinary research, characterized by increasing collaboration between physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers. Nanotechnologies offer interesting possibilities of cement based on materials [14, 15]. As the strength of concrete is based on its nanometer size crystal structure, the usage of Nps as additives is combined with new insights into crystal structure mechanics and provides many new ideas for the improvement of cement-based materials [16, 17]. Nano ZrO2 (zirconia) particles have a very low thermal conductivity. They are used in thermal barrier coatings in jet turbines and diesel engines to allow doing operation at higher temperatures. The zirconia crystals exhibit superior mechanical properties such as high strength and flexibility [18]. Heat insulating properties and oxygen-ion conductivity indicate that zirconia has potential for applying in a wide variety of applications [19, 20]. Here we used zirconia Nps and their ameliorative roles as additives concrete structures. We hope that this research introduces a new way for increasing stability and resistance of concrete structures.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Reagents
Zirconyl chloride octahydrate purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol (CH3OH), urea (CH4N2O), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were purchased from Merck. All aqueous solutions were prepared by using doubly distilled water.
2.2. Synthesis of ZrO2 Nanoparticles
The ZrO2 Nps were prepared according to the literature. Initially, 2.58 g ZrOCl2·8H2O and 4.80 g urea were dissolved in 20.0 mL CH3OH under stirring to form a colorless solution. The solution was transferred to a 20 mL Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave, which was heated by 200°C and maintained at that temperature for 20 h. The obtained white product was post-treated with sulphuric acid solution (0.167 mmol) and then calcined at 645°C [21, 22].
2.3. Apparatus for Morphological Studies of Synthesized ZrO2 Nanoparticles
The phase characterization of ZrO2 Nps was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a D/Max-RA diffractometer with CuKα radiation. The absorbance properties of prepared Nps were measured and recorded by using a TU-1901 double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. The surface of ZrO2 Nps was investigated by the use of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) model DS-720.
2.4. Experimental Main Material of Concrete Structures (Cement)
We used Portland cement in related experiment for cement. As you know, Portland cement is a very important and necessary material in concrete structures. The chemical compound compositions of this Portland cement that was used in our research is composed of 55% (C3S), 19% (C2S), 10% (C3A), 7% (C4AF), 2.8% MgO, 2.9% (SO3), 1.0% Ignition loss, and 1.0% free CaO.
2.5. Preparation Mixture of Cement and ZrO2 Nanoparticles
A total of two series of mixtures were prepared in the laboratory replicates. The control mixtures were made of the natural aggregates: cement and water. The experimental or E series (E1–E4) mixtures were prepared with different amounts of ZrO2 Nps with an average particle size of 20 nm. The experimental mixtures were prepared 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 2.0% ZrO2 Nps/cement by weight. The water to binder ratio for all mixtures was set at 0.40 [23]. The aggregates for the mixtures consisted of a combination of crushed basalt and of fine sand, with the 30% parentage of sand by weight. The binder content of all mixtures was 500 kg/m3.
2.6. Preparation of Test Specimens
Series E mixtures were prepared by mixing the course aggregates, fine aggregates, and powdered materials (cement and ZrO2 Nps) in a laboratory concrete drum mixer. The powdered material was only cement. They were mixed in dry condition for two minutes, and for another three minutes after adding the water. Samples of the fresh concrete were determined immediately to evaluate flexural strength following the mixing procedure. Cylinders with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm for split tensile strength and cubes with 200 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm edges for flexural strength tests were cast and compacted in two layers on a vibrating table, with each layer being vibrated for 10 s [24]. The molds were covered with polyethylene sheets and moistened for 24 h. Then, the specimens were demoded and cured in water at 20°C prior to the experimental period. The tensile strength tests of the concrete samples were determined at 5, 10, and 15 days. The reported results were the average of three replicates.
2.7. Investigation Split Tensile Strength of Cement Modified with ZrO2 Nanoparticles
The split tensile test was carried out in accordance to the ASTM C 496-90 standard. After the specified curing period, the concrete cylinders were subjected to split tensile test by using a universal testing machine. Tests were carried out on triplicate specimens and average split tensile strength values were obtained.
2.8. Investigation Flexural Strength of Cement Modified with ZrO2 Nanoparticles
The flexural strength of concrete is used as a structural design criterion and as a general indicator of concrete strength. ASTM C 293 (C-293) determines the flexural strength of concrete specimens by the use of a simple beam with center-point loading. Flexural tests were undertaken in accordance with the ASTM C293 standard. Similar to the tensile tests, flexural tests were carried out on triplicate specimens and average flexural strength values were obtained.
2.9. Setting Time of Cement Modified with ZrO2 Nanoparticles
Setting time of the specimens was regulated according to the ASTM C191 standard. The ASTM C191 method determines the time of setting of hydraulic cement by the means of the Vicat needle.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-Ray Diffraction of ZrO2 Nanoparticles
In the XRD pattern (Figure 1) for ZrO2 Nps, the diffraction peaks are absorbed at 2θ values. The prominent peaks have been utilized to estimate the grain size of sample with the help of Scherrer equation [25] D = Kλ/(β cos θ), where K is constant(0.9), λ is the wavelength (λ = 1.5418 A°) (Cu Kα), β is the full width at the half maximum of the line and θ is the diffraction angle. The grain size estimated using the relative intensity peak for ZrO2 Nps was found to be 20 nm and increase in sharpness of XRD peaks indicates that particles are in crystalline nature. All different peaks in Figure 1 are related to ZrO2 Nps and matched to Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Studies (JCPDS).
3.2. UV-Visible Absorption Spectra for ZrO2 Nanoparticles
The most dramatic property of Nps is the size evolution of the optical absorption spectra. Hence UV-visible absorption spectroscopy is an efficient technique to monitor the optical properties of quantum-sized particles. The UV–visible absorption spectra of ZrO2 Nps was shown in Figure 2; although the wavelength of our spectrometer is limited by the light source, the absorption band of the ZrO2 Nps has shown a shift due to the quantum confinement in sample compare with bulk ZrO2 particles. This optical phenomenon indicates that these Nps show quantum size effect [26]. The UV-visible spectrum is in range of 100 to 800 nm. The UV spectrum begins in 100 nm and ended in 380 nm and divided to four areas: 1. VUV (100–200 nm), 2. UVC (200–280 nm), 3. UVB (280–320 nm) and 4. UVA (320-380 nm). We used UVB and UVA (300 nm) in this section. The visible spectrum is in range of 380 to 780 nm.
3.3. TEM Investigation for ZrO2 Nanoparticles
As it is well known, the properties of a broad range of materials and the performance of a large variety of devices depend on their surface characteristics strongly. The average diameter of the synched ZrO2 nanoparticle is about 20 nm and has a very narrow particle distribution. This statement is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 Shows a TEM picture of the ZrO2 Nps.
3.4. Investigation Effect of ZrO2 Nanoparticles on Strength Properties of Cement
Table 1 shows that by increasing the ZrO2 NPs content to the concrete paste, the total specific pore volumes of concrete can be decreased and the most probable pore diameters of concretes shift to smaller pores and fall in the range of less harmful pores or even harmless pores, which indicates that the addition of ZrO2 Nps improve the structure of concrete.
Table 2 gives the porosities, average diameters and median diameters, (volume) of the concrete paste before and after the addition of different proportions of ZrO2 Nps. The regularity of porosity is similar to that of total specific pore volume. The regularity of average diameter and median diameter (volume) is similar to that of the most probable pore diameter.
During the early stages (first 5 days) of the hydration process, strength can be affected by the limestone fines that raise the hydration rate of some clinker compounds, since the fines act as nucleation sites of the hydrates formed in the hydration reactions [27]. During the later hydration stages (10 days or more), it can be seen that there are fewer effects on reducing the flexural strength in cement obviously. The pore structure of concrete is the general embodiment of porosity, pore size distribution, pore scale, and pore geometry. The addition of ZrO2 Nps to the concrete paste can help in decreasing its pore size. In terms of the different effects of pore size on concrete performance, a pore size of <20 nm is classified as harmless, while 20–50 nm is thought to be less harmful and 50–200 nm is said to be harmful. A pore size of >200 nm is thought to be highly harmful [28]. In order to analyze and compare conveniently, the pore structure of concrete is divided into four ranges according to this methodology.
3.5. Split Tensile Strength
The split tensile strengths of the control and experimental (E1 through E4) mixtures were evaluated by (E1–E4) and without (control) ZrO2 Nps for 5, 10, and 15 days, as shown in Table 3. Comparison of the results shows that the split tensile strength increased after the addition of ZrO2 Nps at the concentration of 0.125% of ZrO2 Nps (E1) after 7 days, and the maximum split tensile strength was observed at 0.5% ZrO2 Nps (E3), as compared to that of the control. The 10 and 15-day experiments did not show significantly different results when compared to those of 5 days.
It was also observed that 2.0% replacement (E4) caused a decrease in the split tensile strength of the experimental cement. This may be due to the fact that the quantity of ZrO2 Nps present in the mixture was higher than the amount required to combine with the liberated lime during the hydration process, thus leading to excess silica leaching out and causing a deficiency in strength as it replaced a part of the cementing material but did not contribute to its strength [29, 30]. It could be also due to defects generated in the dispersion of Nps causing weak zones. The higher split tensile strength in the E3-blended concrete is due to the rapid consumption of Ca(OH)2, formed during the hydration of Portland cement, especially at the early stage that can be related to high reactivity of ZrO2 Nps. As a consequence, the hydration of cement is accelerated and larger volumes of reaction products are formed. It is also thought that ZrO2 Nps recover the particle packing density of the blended cement, leading to a reduced volume of larger pores in the cement paste [31, 32]. The water to binder ratio for all mixtures was set at 0.40 [23]. This mean that of all mixture (100%), 60% was cement paste + ZrO2 Nps and 40% was water.
3.6. Flexural Strength
The flexural strength results of the experimental (E1–E4) and control specimens are shown in Table 4. Similar to the tensile strength, the flexural strength of the specimens increased by the increased percentage of ZrO2 Nps up to 0.5% replacement (E3) after 5 days and then decreased (E4) when it compared to the control experiment. It is thought that the increase in flexural strength is due to a rapid consumption of Ca(OH)2, which was formed during the hydration process of Portland cement, especially in the early stages, can be related to high reactivity of ZrO2 Nps. The 10 and 15-day experiments did not show significantly different results when compared to those of 5 days.
The results show that the flexural strength increases by adding 0.5% Nps (E3) and then decreases. The addition of 0.5% ZrO2 Nps produced specimens with much higher flexural strength in respect to all the other experimental specimens and also the control group of the concrete. The reduced flexural strength produced by adding 2.0% ZrO2 Nps may be due to the fact that the quantity of ZrO2 Nps existing in the mixture was higher than the amount required to combine with the liberated lime during the process of hydration, thus leading to the leaching out of excess silica and causing a deficiency in strength as it replaces a part of the cementations material but does not contribute to strength. It may also be due to defects generated in the dispersion of Nps, causing weak zones [33, 34].
3.7. Setting Time
The experimental results obtained from the initial and final setting times of the cement mortars in the presence of ZrO2 Nps are shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. According to Figures 4 and 5, an increase in the volume fraction of Nps caused a significant decrease in setting time. These results indicate that ZrO2 Nps have an increased speed of hydration reaction than that of the cement itself. This is because of the phenomenon that ZrO2 Nps are characterized by their unique surface effects, smaller particle size, and higher surface energy [35]. Smaller particle size allows a rapid increase in surface area, leading to a significant and fast rise in the number of superficial atoms. These surface atoms are highly reactive and unstable, which results in a faster reaction speed. Hence, a cautious approach should be taken for the setting time of the cement paste during the utilization of ZrO2 Nps [36].
The mechanism of the Nps in improving the pore structure of concrete can be attributed to the fact that the Nps are uniformly dispersed in concrete and each particle is contained in a cube pattern. And hence, the distance between Nps can be determined. After hydration begins, hydrated products diffuse and envelop the Nps as kernels. If the content of Nps and the distances between them are appropriate, crystallization will be controlled to a suitable state through restricting the growth of Ca(OH)2 crystals by Nps. Moreover, the Nps located in cement paste as kernel can further promote cement hydration due to their high activity. This makes the cement matrix more homogeneous and compact [37].
4. Conclusions
Today the applications of nanotechnology are appeared in all fields of science. If nanotechnology can be used as purposeful, useful, and constructive the role of it can be observed in other sciences. Today having firm constructions and Concrete Structures is the main goal of a civil engineering. Given that Portland cement has a key role in most buildings and concrete industry, Cement production with a new combination that will strengthen and have high strength is an imperative aim. Here we got help from nanotechnology. In this study we used ZrO2 Nps to increase quality and tolerance in concrete structures. Our results confirmed this issue that ZrO2 Nps could be an improvement role in the structure of Portland cement that is main component of concrete structures. The use of Nanoparticles in specific quantities could be caused greatly strength of Portland cement and Concrete Structures and finally this application leads to save the cost. On the other hand, the research on other Nps in construction industry is suggested.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge their educational help of Professor Dr. Saeed Rezaei-zarchi from payame Noor University, Yazd province, Yazd, Iran; also Department of Biology and chemistry, payame Noor University Tehran, IRAN supported this research work.