Abstract
A simple and accurate HPLC-UV method was developed for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of main stilbenes and flavones in different parts (fronds, rhizomes, and frond bases) of M. struthiopteris. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase of MeOH-H2O (including 0.1% phosphoric acid) using a gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1 and UV detection at 295 nm. The method was validated by specificity, linearity, accuracy (recovery), and precision tests (repeatability, intra- and interday). For all the six compounds, the linear regression coefficients ranged from 0.9958 to 0.9998 within the test ranges; intra- and interday precisions were 2% and the mean recoveries ranged from 98.09 to 103.56%. The amount of these compounds in the frond bases was almost the same as in the rhizomes but much higher than that in the fronds. The results indicate that the HPLC method developed was appropriate for the analysis of the six compounds in different parts (fronds, rhizomes, and frond bases) of M. struthiopteris.
1. Introduction
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro (ostrich fern), belonging to the family Onocleaceae, is an edible and medicinal fern widely distributed in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The tightly wound immature fronds, called fiddleheads, are used as a cooked vegetable and the young shoots can also be eaten raw in salad. The rhizomes and frond bases of M. struthiopteris have been used as a traditional chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of pinworms, influenza, dysentery hematochezia, and uterine hemorrhage for thousands of years. The pharmacological activities of M. struthiopteris include antivirus, antiparasite, and eliminating bacterium [1, 2]. Several C-methyl flavanone derivatives from M. orientalis showed a very strong hypoglycemic effect in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats [3, 4]. A series of flavonoids, stilbenes, and phenolics have been previously identified from M. struthiopteris [5–8], which were very similar to that from M. orientalis [3, 4]. In searching for bioactive components of M. struthiopteris, six main compounds (Figure 1) including three C-methyl flavones: demethoxymatteucinol (1), matteucinol (2), and matteuorien (3) and three stilbenes: pinosylvin (4), pinosylvin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside (5), and 5--D-glucosyloxy-3-hydroxy-l-trans-stilbene-2-carboxylic acid (6) were separated and identified. Matteucinol could inhibit rat lens aldose reductase [9] and scavenging hydroxyl radical [10]. Pinosylvin was reported to have various biological activities including cancer chemopreventive/anti-inflammatory [11–14], antioxidant [15], and antiproliferative effects in various cancer cells [16, 17].
The determination of the main bioactive compounds in M. struthiopteris is important both for their characterization and to facilitate more efficient uses of this important plant resource. In the present work, a specific method for the simultaneous determination of demethoxymatteucinol (1), matteucinol (2), matteuorien (3), pinosylvin (4), pinosylvin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside (5), and 5--D-glucosyloxy-3-hydroxy-l-trans-stilbene-2-carboxylic acid (6) was developed and applied to different parts (fronds, rhizomes, and frond bases) of M. struthiopteris.
2. Experimental
2.1. Plant Material and Chemicals
The fronds, rhizomes, and frond bases of M. struthiopteris were collected from Jinfo Mountain (Chongqing, China) and identified by S.R.Yi (Institute of Medicinal Plantation of Chongqing, Chongqing, China) in May 2010. The samples were air-dried. The voucher specimens were deposited in our laboratory. Demethoxymatteucinol (1), matteucinol (2), matteuorien (3), pinosylvin (4), and pinosylvin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside (5) were isolated and identified from the rhizomes of M. struthiopteris in our lab [8]. 5--D-Glucosyloxy-3-hydroxy-l-trans-stilbene-2-carboxylic acid (6) was isolated from the genus Matteuccia for the first time. Their structures are shown in Figure 1. The purity of the six compounds was determined to be more than 98% by normalization of the peak areas detected by HPLC-DAD.
HPLC grade methanol (MeOH) and acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Geel, Belgium). Ultrapure water was prepared using Milli-Q purification system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade. The silica gel (200–300 mesh) for column chromatography (CC) was produced by Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co. Ltd. (Qingdao, China).
2.2. Equipment and Apparatus
Mass spectra were recorded on a Xevo G2 Q-Tof mass spectrometer (Waters) and Agilent 6130 SQ spectrometers. The - and -NMR spectra were recorded on 600 and 150 MHz (Bruker). The HPLC system employed was a Shimadzu Prominence LC-20A (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a binary pump, a vacuum degasser, an SPD-20A detector, an SIL-20A autosampler, and a CTO-20A column oven. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Kromasil (Eka Chemicals, Sweden) column (5 μm, 250 mm 4.6 mm i.d.).
2.3. Preparation of Standard Solutions
Accurately weighed six compounds were dissolved in methanol to prepare stock solutions, respectively. A certain amount of each stock solution was placed in a 25 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with methanol at the concentration of 433.20 μg/mL DMN, 409.20 μg/mL MN, 20.32 μg/mL MR, 42.72 μg/mL PV, 20.16 μg/mL PVG, and 71.60 μg/mL SCG. The mixture solution was then diluted stepwise with methanol to give six different concentrations for construction of calibration curves.
2.4. Sample Preparation
Accurately weight 0.3 g of the finely powdered sample was placed in a round-bottom flask and then 50 mL methanol was added accurately. Then, the sample was heated under reflux for 2.0 h, cooled, and replenished the loss of the solvent with methanol, filtered through a 0.45 μm nylon membrane prior to analysis.
2.5. HPLC Condition
The mobile phase consisted of two solutions (A and B solutions) and flowed with a programmed gradient elution. The A solution was methanol and the B solution was 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution. Gradient elution was programmed as follows: (0 min, hold for 18 min), 70/30 (28 min, hold for 22 min) 45/55 (55 min; hold for 15 min to equilibrate the column) determining next sample until the last one washing the column. Recording of the chromatogram was set from 0 min to 50 min. The column temperature was 40°C, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 295 nm. Five μL of the sample solution was injected for HPLC analysis.
2.6. Calibration Curve, Limits of Detection, and Quantification
The standard mixture solutions at six different concentrations were injected in triplicate. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting six points of peak area ( axis) versus concentration ( axis) for each compound. The standard mixture solution was further diluted to serial concentrations to explore the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ). The LOD and LOQ were determined at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3 and 10, respectively.
2.7. Precision, Stability, and Accuracy Studies
The intra- and interday precisions were determined by continuously injecting the sample solution for six replicates on the same day and by measuring it once a day for six consecutive days, respectively. Stability was determined on one sample solution six times in 24 h. The recovery tests were performed to examine the accuracy of the extraction method. The accurate amounts of the six compounds were spiked to a certain amount of the rhizomes powder and were then extracted and analyzed as described above. The spiked amount of each standard was adjusted so as to provide a concentration similar to that present in the sample. The mean recovery rate (%) was measured from the spiked sample solution versus the nonspiked solution.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Structure Elucidation of Isolated Compounds
Structure elucidation of demethoxymatteucinol (1), matteucinol (2), matteuorien (3), pinosylvin (4), and pinosylvin 3-O--D-glucopyranoside (5) was reported previously by us [8]. 5--D-Glucosyloxy-3-hydroxyl-trans-stilbene-2-carboxylic acid (6) was isolated from . struthiopteris for the first time and identified by comparing with the reported data [18].
3.2. 5--D-Glucosyloxy-3-hydroxyl-trans-stilbene-2-carboxylic Acid (6)
White Powder. HRESI-MS: m/z 417.1174 (Calcd for : 417.1185). -NMR (600 MHz, OD) δ: (6H, m, -H), 5.03 (1H, d, 7.1 Hz, -H), 6.59 (1H, d, 2.3 Hz, 4-H), 6.91 (1H, d, 2.3 Hz, 6-H), 6.95 (1H, d, 16 Hz, -H), 7.26 (1H, t, 7.6 Hz, -H), 7.35 (2H, t, 7.6 Hz, ,-H), 7.52 (2H, d, 7.6 Hz, ,-H), and 7.89 (1H, d, 16 Hz, -H); -NMR (150 MHz, OD) δ: 61.1 (), 70.0 (), 73.4 (), 76.5 (), 77.0 (), 100.2 (), 102.9 (C-4), 106.3 (C-2), 107.4 (C-6), 126.4 (), 127.4 (), 128.3 (), 129.1 (C-), 130.8 (C-), 137.6 (), 142.9 (C-1), 161.6 (C-5), 164.1 (C-3), and 172.8 (COOH).
3.3. Optimization of Chromatographic Conditions
Due to the difficulty in separating the six compounds by one isocratic elution, a gradient method was developed to determine all the constituents in one analysis run. Various mixtures of acetonitrile and water were tried as mobile phases, but separation was not satisfactory. After replacing acetonitrile by methanol, the situation was greatly improved. In RP-HPLC, the elution ability of acetonitrile is better than of methanol. Separation could be achieved in less time using acetonitrile compared to using methanol [19], but there may not be ideal separation in the reduced time using acetonitrile owing to similar polarities of the compounds. Also, the compounds with moderate polarities may have good solubility and separation in the system containing methanol and H2O. Meanwhile, phosphoric acid was also added to the eluent to improve the imperfect peak shapes and resolution of the three flavones. Although the UV absorption maxima of the target compounds were somewhat different, all showed maximum absorption around 295 nm, and therefore, the detection wavelength was set at 295 nm.
Typical chromatograms of samples and mixed standards are shown in Figure 2, in which all target constituents were completely separated within 50 min.
3.4. Validation on the HPLC Method
The analytical method was validated with respect to the linearity, limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), precision, and stability. The linear ranges, regression equations, and correlation coefficients obtained from typical calibration curves and LOD and LOQ are shown in Table 1. All standard curves exhibited good linearity and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9958. The LODs () and LOQs () obtained from each standard compound were in the range of 0.02–0.10 and 0.06–0.33 μg/mL, respectively. As shown in Table 2, the method gave good precision with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of intra-day precision and inter-day precision for the six compounds being less than 1.40% and 1.70%, respectively. The compounds proved to be stable in sample solution within 24 h at room temperature with their RSD values below 1.51%. The extraction recoveries determined for all compounds are shown in Table 3. The mean recoveries were in the range of 98.09% and 103.56% with RSD less than 1.30% for all the six compounds. In general, the method is precise, accurate, and sensitive enough for the simultaneous quantitative evaluation of the six major components in M. struthiopteris.
3.5. Optimization of Method of Sample Preparation
In order to achieve a complete extraction of the six compounds, common extraction methods and solvents were studied. Reflux and ultrasonic-assisted were tried as extraction methods. It was found that the extraction at reflux temperature was more efficient than the ultrasonic-assisted method. Then, the other factors as extracting solvent (60%, 70%, and 80% methanol aqueous solution and pure methanol), reflux time (1.0 h, 1.5 h, 2.0 h, 2.5 h, 3 h), and sample-solvent ratio (25 mL, 50 mL, and 100 mL per 0.3 gram of sample) were investigated independently. The results showed that pure methanol, 2 h of reflux time, and 50 mL per 0.3 gram of sample emerged as the conditions at which efficient extraction was attained.
3.6. Sample Analysis
Three parts (fronds, rhizomes, and frond bases) of M. struthiopteris were collected from the same area at the same time. The established method has been successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of the three flavonoids and three stilbenes in different parts of M. struthiopteris as shown in Figure 2 and Table 4. In each single part, the content of the flavones was much higher than of the stilbenes. The contents of all targeted compounds in the rhizomes and the frond bases were very similar but much higher than that in the fronds.
4. Conclusion
The six compounds isolated from the rhizomes and frond bases of M. struthiopteris could be regarded as the main effective components according to their characteristics. The HPLC-UV method established for the quantitative analysis of these compounds in different parts (fronds, rhizomes, and frond bases) of M. struthiopteris had high selectivity, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. The results showed that the amount of all the six compounds in the frond bases was almost the same as in the rhizomes but much higher than that in the fronds, which might explain the reason that the rhizomes and frond bases were used as the medicinal parts in TCM. As M. struthiopteris is a perennial fern, overcollecting the rhizomes could lead to resource exhaustion. The similar contents of the main effective components in the rhizomes and the frond bases implied that we can use the frond bases as medicinal parts other than the whole frond bases and rhizomes so as to ensure the fern sustainable usage.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declared that they have no commercial conflict of interests related to this work.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of the People’s Republic of China no. 2011DFA30870 and by the bilateral grant from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic no. ME10116.
Supplementary Materials
Accurately weighed six compounds were dissolved in methanol to prepare stock solutions, respectively. A certain amount of each stock solution was placed in a 25 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with methanol at the concentration of 433.20 μg/mL DMN, 409.20 μg/mL MN, 20.32 μ/mL MR, 42.72 μ/mL PV, 20.16 μ/mL PVG, and 71.60 μg/mL SCG. The mixture solution was then diluted stepwise with methanol to give six different concentrations for construction of calibration curves.
The standard mixture solutions at six different concentrations were injected in triplicate. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting six points of peak area (yaxis) versus concentration (xaxis) for each compound.