Column Adsorption Studies for the Removal of Cr(VI) Ions by Ethylamine Modified Chitosan Carbonized Rice Husk Composite Beads with Modelling and Optimization

Sugashini, S.; Sheriffa Begum, K. M. Meera

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/460971

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 460971 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/460971

Column Adsorption Studies for the Removal of Cr(VI) Ions by Ethylamine Modified Chitosan Carbonized Rice Husk Composite Beads with Modelling and Optimization

S. Sugashini¹and K. M. Meera Sheriffa Begum¹

Academic Editor: Nurettin Sahiner

Received26 Jun 2012

Revised04 Oct 2012

Accepted16 Oct 2012

Published11 Dec 2012

Abstract

The objective of this present study is the optimization of process parameters in adsorption of Cr(VI) ions by ethylamine modified chitosan carbonized rice husk composite beads (EAM-CCRCBs) using response surface methodology (RSM) and continuous adsorption studies of Cr(VI) ions by ethylamine modified chitosan carbonized rice husk composite beads (EAM-CCRCBs). The effect of process variables such as initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage and pH were optimized using RSM in order to ensure high adsorption capacity at low adsorbent dosage and high initial metal ion concentration of Cr(VI) in batch process. The optimum condition suggested by the model for the process variable such as adsorbent dosage, pH and initial metal ion concentration was 0.14 g, 300 mg/L and pH2 with maximum removal of 99.8% and adsorption capacity of 52.7 mg/g respectively. Continuous adsorption studies were conducted under optimized initial metal ion concentration and pH for the removal of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs. The breakthrough curve analysis was determined using the experimental data obtained from the continuous adsorption. Continuous adsorption modelling such as bed depth service model and Thomson model were established by fitting it with experimental data.

1. Introduction

Chromium compounds are widely used in various industries such as electroplating, leather tanning, mining, aluminium conversion coating, operation dyes and pigments [1, 2]. The indiscriminate discharge of chromium metals into water resources causes serious health effect to human and environment because of its toxic nature. Chromium exists in trivalent form and hexavalent form in aqueous systems. Cr(III) ions are non toxic and play an essential role in the metabolism of plant and animals. Cr(VI) ions are highly toxic. Inhalation of Cr(VI) ions leads to the carcinogenetic problem. Other health effects of Cr(VI) ions are the skin allergy liver and stomach problems [3]. The tolerance limit for the discharge of Cr(VI) ions into surface water is 0.1 mg/L and in potable water is 0.05 mg/L [4]. Thus the removal of Cr(VI) ions becomes mandatory.

Various methodologies such as electrochemical, ion exchange, membrane filtration, evaporation, solvent extraction, emulsion per traction technology, reverse osmosis and chemical coagulation, and adsorption are available for the removal of Cr(VI) ions [4].

Adsorption process is one of the efficient methods for Cr(VI) removal due to its simplicity, sludge-free operation, easiness in handling, availability of various adsorbents, and more efficiently in removal of heavy metals at lower-concentration levels [5].

Several investigators was used different adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) ions such as activated carbon [6], chitosan [7], biosorbents [8], and polymeric compounds [9]. Activated carbon is a common adsorbent because of its high surface area and easy availability, but commercially available activated carbon is highly expensive. Rice husk is one of the cheapest and abundantly available renewable resources in which the constituents of rice husk: cellulose (55–60%), hemicellulose (20–25%), and lignin (20–25%) are used for the preparation of carbon [10–14].

In recent years, activation of carbon with biopolymer to improve the uptake capacity [15–18] has received considerable attention for the removal of transition metal ions and organic species due to its excellent metal chelating property and availability [19–21]. Chitosan, a biopolymer, has great chelating ability of metal ions due to the presence of amino and hydroxyl groups, which also improves the stability in acidic medium by formation of schiff base reaction, and these functional groups can be introduced into chitosan by acylation, etherification, N-alkylation, esterification, or other reactions [22, 23].

In recent years, response surface methodology (RSM) has been emphasized, which is a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques used for developing, improving, and optimizing the process variables and to evaluate the relative significance of several process parameters in the presence of complex interactions. The conventional method of optimizing the process variables requires a very large number of experimental runs, which is highly expensive and time consuming. This limitation can be overcome by the statistical experimental design, which reduces the number of experiments and provides appropriate model for process optimization. Response surface methodologies (RSMs) are a useful method to optimize the responses shaped under the influence of process variables [24–27].

Principal RSM is used in experimental design as central composite, box Behnken and Doehlert design. Central composite is a rotatable design requires an experiment number according to , where is the central runs, is the total number of runs, and is the number of independent variable.

In our previous study, ethylamine modified chitosan carbonized rice husk composite beads (EAM-CCRCBs) were prepared using rice husk as the precursor for carbonization, and surface modification was done using chitosan. The amino content of the chitosan carbonized rice husk composite beads was increased by ethylamine. Characterizations such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and BET analyzer of the adsorbent were also discussed with the prepared (EAM-CCRCBs). The synthesized ethylamine modified chitosan carbonized rice husk composite beads (EAM-CCRCBs) was applied for the removal of hexavalent chromium in batch adsorption process [28].

Thus, this present study intends to investigate the optimization of process variables such as initial metal ion concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage using central composite design in RSM. Continuous adsorption experiments were conducted under the optimized condition obtained from the RSM. The breakthrough curve was determined from the experiments obtained from continuous process. Continuous adsorption modelling such as bed depth service model and Thomson model were established by fitting it with experimental data.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents

Raw rice husk was obtained from a local rice mill. Chitosan was purchased from Pelican Biotech Industry, India. The chemicals used in this study such as nitric acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylamine, and epichlorohydrin were supplied by Merck, India. Potassium dichromate was used for the preparation of Cr(VI) stock solution. The AR grade of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide was used for analyzing chromium. Double distilled water was used to prepare all the solutions.

2.2. Preparation of Ethylamine Modified Chitosan Carbonized Rice Husk Composite Beads (EAM-CCRCBs)

The procedure for preparation and characterization of EAM-CCRCBs was described in our previous study [28]. According to that procedure, the rice husk was thoroughly washed with distilled water and dried in hot air oven at 100°C for 5 hrs. The dried sample was treated with 70% concentrated nitric acid (1 : 1 by weight) at 70°C for 90 mins. After acid treatment, the sample was kept for overnight and then subjected to heat under a controlled atmosphere of nitrogen from ambient temperature to 600°C at a constant heating rate of 5°C/min in a tubular furnace for 4 hrs [29]. Chitosan gel was prepared by dissolving 3 g of chitosan in 100 mL of 2% acetic acid. 3 g of carbonized rice husk was added to the chitosan gel and kept in a rotary shaker for 12 hrs at 200 rpm. The chitosan carbonized rice husk gel solution was dropped into 0.5 mol/L of NaOH solution which was remained for 12 hrs and washed with distilled water to remove excess NaOH, which is dried for further use.

The prepared CCRCB was introduced into the 60 mL of isopropanol in a conical flask to obtain a suspension with the CCRCB floating on the surface. A mixture of 5 mL epichlorohydrin and 100 mL of water solution of acetone (volume ratio of acetone to water is 1 : 1) was added to the suspension and kept in temperature bath at 60°C for 2 hrs. Then, it was filtered, and the solid beads were transferred into the mixture of 150 mL of water solution of ethanol (volume ratio of ethanol to water is 1 : 1) and 5 mL of ethylamine, which is kept in temperature bath at 50°C for 10 hrs. Then, it was washed and dried.

2.3. Adsorption Studies

Batch adsorption studies were conducted to determine the adsorption capacity and percentage removal of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs. A desired quantity of EAM-CCRCBs was added to 25 mL of known concentration of Cr(VI) ions and pH in a 100 mL volumetric flask and kept in a rotary shaker at agitation speed of 200 rpm. The supernatant liquid samples were separated by centrifuging the sample and then analyzed by using Jasco UV spectrophotometer at 540 nm to calculate the adsorption capacity and percentage removal. Experiments were repeated in triplicates, and the average percentage deviation was found to be 3–5%. The amount of adsorption at equilibrium (mg/g) and percentage removal (%) were calculated as follows: where and are the initial and equilibrium concentrations (mg/L), is the volume of solution (1), is the adsorbed quantity (mg/g), is the weight of adsorbent (g), and is the solution concentration at the end of the adsorption process (mg/L).

2.4. Response Surface Modeling

RSM is a statistical method based on the multivariate nonlinear model that has been widely used for the optimization of process variables of adsorption and also used to determine the regression model equations and operating conditions from the appropriate experiments. It is also useful in studying the interactions of the various parameters affecting the process [30–33].

The standard RSM design called central composite method (CCD) was applied in this present study to determine the optimum process variables for adsorption of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs by using the design expert software (Version 8.0. Stat-Ease) statistical package. The CCD was used for fitting a quadratic equation by multiple regression procedure which requires only a minimum number of experiments for modelling [30, 31]. The CCD consists of a factorial runs (coded to the usual ± notation) with 2 axial runs , and center runs (six replicates). The number of factors increases the number of runs for a complete replicate of the design which is given as folloes:

Basically the optimization process involves three major steps: performing the statistically designed experiments, estimating the coefficients in a mathematical model, and predicting the response and checking the adequacy of the model [32, 33].

An empirical model was developed to correlate the response to the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution using EAM-CCRCBs based on second order as folloes: where is the predicted response, is the constant coefficient, is the linear coefficients, is the interaction coefficients, is the quadratic coefficients, and , are the coded values.

2.5. Continuous Adsorption Studies

The continuous adsorption studies were conducted in a glass column with internal diameter of 1.5 cm and length of 40 cm. The EAM-CCRCBs was packed between the glass wool and glass beads in order to prevent the wash out of the adsorbent. A known quantity of adsorbent was then placed in the column to yield the desired bed height (25 cm and 15 cm) of the adsorbent. Potassium dichromate solution of known concentration (300 mg/L) was channelled into the column using a peristaltic pump in upflow manner at the desired flow rate (25 mL/min and 50 mL/min). Samples were collected from the exit of the column at different time intervals and analyzed for Cr(VI) ions using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (JASCO) by monitoring the changes in absorbance at a wavelength of maximum absorbance of 540 nm. Operation of the column was stopped when the effluent Cr(VI) ion concentration exceeded 99.5% of its initial concentration.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Development of Regression Model Analysis

In this present investigation, the CCD of 3 variables such as adsorbent dosage (g), pH, and initial concentration (mg/L), each with five levels (±1 for the factorial points, 0 for the centre points, and ±α for the axial points) were chosen as independent variables with designated coded factors as , , and , respectively, and the variables are presented in Table 1. A total of 20 experiments were necessary to estimate the coefficients of each model using linear regression analysis. The two dependent output responses, namely, percentage removal and adsorption capacity (mg/g) were obtained from the independent input variables for CCD and are presented in Table 2.

The quadratic models were suggested by the software for percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions removal using EAM-CCRCBs adsorbent due to the higher-order polynomial and are reported in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.

The quadratic model obtained for the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs adsorbent in terms of coded factors was reported as follows:

The analysis of variance corresponding to (5) is reported in Tables 5 and 6. In general, the statistics “” value with low-probability “P” value represents high significance of the regression model. The model F value of 43.48 and 109.79 implies that the model is significant for percentage removal and adsorption capacity, respectively.

For percentage removal, , , , , , and are significant model terms. For adsorption capacity, , , , , , are significant model terms. Values greater than 0.1000 indicate that the model terms are not significant.

Based on (5), the actual and predicted plots for percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The values of and were found to be 0.9831 and 0.9679 for percentage removal as well as 0.9776 and 0.9574 for adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs.

3.2. Interaction Effects of Process Variables

The interaction effects of process variables on percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs were visualized through three-dimensional views of response surface plots and are shown in Figures 3–5.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

3.2.1. The Combined Effect of pH and Adsorbent Dosage

The combined effect of pH and adsorbent dosage on percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion using EAM-CCRCBs is shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. The maximum percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion using EAM-CCRCBs was obtained at pH 2. This may be due to the surface positive functional groups of the EAM-CCRCBs adsorbent carrying the oxyanions (negatively charged) of Cr(VI) ions by electrostatic force of attraction. At higher pH, the increased negative charges on the adsorbent surface decreased the attraction of oxyanions of on the adsorbent [34]. The maximum percentage removal of 99.8% and adsorption capacity of 52.7 mg/g at constant pH of 2 initial concentration of 300 mg/L at EAM-CCRCBs dosage of 0.14 g was obtained.

3.2.2. The Combined Effect of Initial Metal Ion Concentration and Adsorbent Dosage

Figures 4(a) and 4(b) indicate the combined effect of initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dosage on percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion using EAM-CCRCBs, respectively. The adsorption capacity was decreased with increased adsorbent dosage, and percentage removal of Cr(VI) ions was increased with increased adsorbent dosage. The decrease in adsorption capacity might be attributed to the shortage of metal ion concentration in the solution since the initial metal ion concentration was kept constant for all varying dosages. The increase in percentage removal may be due to the complete utilization of all active sites in the adsorbent dosage by metal ions [18]. The maximum percentage removal of 92.7% and adsorption capacity of 58.34 mg/g at constant pH of 3.5 and initial concentration of 374.02 mg/L at 0.14 g of EAM-CCRCBs dosage was obtained.

3.2.3. The Combined Effect of Initial Metal Ion Concentration and pH

Figures 5(a) and 5(b) represent the combined effect of initial metal ion concentration and pH on percentage removal and adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion using EAM-CCRCBs, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions was increased with increased metal ion concentrations, and the percentage removal of Cr(VI) ions was decreased with increased metal ion concentrations. This may be due to the availability of active sites is sufficient to occupy the metal ions at lower concentrations. The maximum percentage removal of 92.3% and adsorption capacity of 63.73 mg/g at constant pH of 2 and initial concentration of 374.02 mg/L at EAM-CCRCBs dosage of 0.13 g was obtained.

3.3. Optimization by RSM

In order to achieve the maximum adsorption of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs, the optimum process variables were found from the developed mathematical model. The optimum condition suggested by the model for the process variable such as adsorbent dosage, and initial metal ion concentration was 0.14 g, and 300 mg/L at pH 2 with maximum removal of 99.8% and adsorption capacity of 52.7 mg/g, respectively, and is shown in Table 7.

3.4. Continuous Adsorption Studies

The performance of a fixed bed column can be described through the concept of breakthrough curve analysis. The time to reach the breakthrough point and shape of the breakthrough curve are very important characteristics for determining the operation and the dynamic responses of an adsorption column. In our previous batch adsorption study and present optimization using RSM studies, both show that the percentage removal of Cr(VI) ion is maximum at pH 2. Thus, the effect of flow rate and bed height was conducted at the solution pH of 2.

3.4.1. Effect of Flow Rate

The effect of flow rate for the adsorption Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs was studied at various flow rates of 25 mL/min and 50 mL/min at bed height of 25 cm, at an inlet concentration 300 mg/L and is shown in Figure 6. From Figure 6 it is observed that the rapid uptake of metal ion initial stages, later on the rate decreases slowly and finally it reached saturation. For higher flow rate, the rate of reaching the breakthrough time is faster whereas in lower flow rate the rate of reaching the breakthrough time is slower. This may be due to the residence time Distribution of influent concentration to the adsorbent is greater in lower flow rate [35, 36].

3.4.2. Effect of Bed Height

The adsorption of Cr(VI) ions in the packed bed column is largely dependent on the bed height, which is directly proportional to the quantity of EAM-CCRCBs in the column. The effect of bed height on breakthrough curve analysis was studied by varying the bed height to 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm. The adsorption breakthrough curves were obtained by varying the bed heights at a flow rate of 25 mL/min and an inlet Cr(VI) ion concentration of 300 mg/L. The breakthrough curve is presented in Figure 7. Faster breakthrough curves were observed for a bed height of 15 cm compared to the bed height of 20 cm and 25 cm. Higher bed contain more adsorbent; therefore, more binding sites will be available for the Cr(VI) ions to attach, which makes the rate of reaching of breakthrough time lesser [35, 36].

3.4.3. Effect of Initial Metal Ion Concentration

The effects of the two initial Cr(VI) ions concentrations (100 mg/L and 300 mg/L) on the adsorption process at a constant flow rate of 25 mL/min and fixed bed height of 25 cm are shown in Figure 8. It can be deduced that, at a lower inlet concentrations, a slower breakthrough curve and the highest treated volume are obtained. The breakthrough point for 100 mg/L and 300 mg/L of Cr(VI) ions inlet concentrations occurred after 360 min and 150 min respectively.and 20 min, respectively. The slow transport of Cr(VI) ions onto EAM-CCRCBs was due to the lower concentration gradient and resulted in a slower breakthrough curve [35, 36]. Conversely, a higher concentration of Cr(VI) ions has been shown to lead to a higher driving force for Cr(VI) ions to overcome the mass transfer resistance in the liquid phase. Consequently, quick saturation of the available binding sites for Cr(VI) ions has caused the breakthrough time to decrease with the increasing inlet Cr(VI) ions concentration.

3.5. Modelling of Experimental Data

3.5.1. Bed Depth Service Time (BDST)

BDST model is used to predict the bed capacity by utilizing the different breakthrough values [37]. The modified version of the equation used in this evaluation is given as follows: where is the time (mins), is the adsorption capacity (mg/L), is the inlet concentration of Cr(VI) ions (mg/L), is the linear velocity of Cr(VI) ions across the column (cm/min), is the bed depth (cm), is the rate constant in BDST model (L/mgmin), and is the effluent concentration of the Cr(VI) ions (mg/L). A plot of versus is expected to yield a linear curve in which and could be evaluated, from the slope and -axis intersection point, respectively.

BDST analysis was done, and the linear plot of this model is given in Figure 9. From Figure 9, the values of and were determined to be 150 mg/L and 0.0167 L/mgmin, respectively. Besides that, the correlation coefficient value shows that this model is applicable. The constants obtained from this model could be utilized to scaling up the process of this fixed bed column [38].

3.5.2. Thomson Model

Thomas developed a model for adsorption processes in which external and internal diffusion limitations are not present . The linearized form of the Thomas model [36] can be expressed as where is the Thomas rate constant (mL/minmg), is the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions uptake (mg/g), is the inlet Cr(VI) ions concentration (mg/L), is the effluent Cr(VI) ions concentration at time (mg/L), is the mass of adsorbent (g), is the inlet flow rate (mL/min), and is the flow time (min). The value of is the ratio of inlet to outlet Cr(VI) ions concentrations. A linear plot of ln against time was drawn to determine the values of and from the interception point and slope of the plot, respectively.

The data obtained from the experiment were fitted to the Thomas model using (7) and are shown in Figure 10 [39]. From Figure 10, it is observed when the inlet Cr(VI) ions concentration increased from 100 mg/L to 300 mg/L, the decreased from 0.004982 to 0.00367 mL/minmg while the increased from to 1730.89 to 2535.07 mg/g. This may be due to the higher driving force of the higher inlet Cr(VI) ions concentration [40]. The values for 100 mg/L and 300 mg/L were 0.9632 and 0.9492, respectively, which shows that Thomas model fits well with the experimental data. Thomas model predicts the monolayer adsorption which also conformed with our earlier batch adsorption studies where the experimental data fits well with Langmuir isotherm.

4. Conclusion

RSM is an effective tool for optimizing the process variable. The optimized condition was obtained for the removal of Cr(VI) ions using EAM-CCRCBs was 300 mg/L of initial concentration, solution pH of 2, and adsorbent dosage of 0.14 g/25 mL. The breakthrough curve analysis from continuous adsorption studies reveals that the slower breakthrough time reached for lesser initial concentration, slower flow rate, and higher bed height. Bed Height service model and Thomson model were well fitted with experimental data. Thomson model reveals the monolayer adsorption which also conformed with our earlier batch adsorption studies where the experimental data fitted well with Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Acknowledgment

The financial support given by the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-15 for this research work is gratefully acknowledged.

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Copyright © 2013 S. Sugashini and K. M. Meera Sheriffa Begum. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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