Multivariate Analysis of Metal Levels in Paddy Soil, Rice Plants, and Rice Grains: A Case Study from Shakargarh, Pakistan

Table 1

Descriptive statistics for physico-chemical parameters of soil samples (𝑛=35).

	Moisture content (%)	pH	Conductivity (μS/cm)	Cl^− (mg/kg)	NO3− (mg/kg)	SO42− (mg/kg)
Minimum	8.000	8.1	778.0	2120	1834	8200
Maximum	17.00	8.4	1090	6.24 × 10^4	1.440 × 10^5	2.30 × 10^4
Mean	11.79	8.2	975.4	9828	2.43 × 10^4‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬	1.401 × 10^4‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
Median	12.00	8.2	1006	3160	1.485 × 10^4‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬	1.38 × 10^4‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
S D	2.467	0.081	90.23	1.77 × 10^4‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬	3.389 × 10^4‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬	4819
S.E	0.504	0.017	18.41	3629	6917.961	983.7
Kurtosis	−0.623	0.070	−0.022	4.597	9.297	−1.121
Skewness	0.546	0.975	−1.121	2.465	3.191	0.374
Variance	6.085	0.007	8141	3.16 × 10^8‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬	1.14 × 10^9‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬	2.32 × 10^7‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬