Abstract
A series of Mg-Cr nanoferrites with the chemical formula MgCrxFe2−xO4 () were synthesized by Citrate-Gel auto combustion method. The formation of single phase cubic spinel structure of the samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It is observed that with the increase in the paramagnetic Cr content, the particle size of the ferrite compositions has decreased from 23 nm to 7 nm. Faraday magnetic Susceptibility Balance was used to measure the Magnetic susceptibility of synthesized samples that confirmed the paramagnetic nature of the ferrites. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) was used to measure the Magnetic properties of nanoferrites under investigation at room temperature under the applied magnetic field of 15 kOe. With the increase in Cr3+ concentration, the saturation magnetization has decreased from 11 emu/g to 1.5 emu/g.
1. Introduction
Spinel ferrites have gained much importance in recent years. As magnetic materials, ferrites cannot be replaced by any other magnetic material because they are relatively inexpensive, stable and have a wide range of technological applications in magnetic recording, transformer cores, sensors and magnetic resonance imaging, and so forth [1–3]. Nowadays, these materials are largely synthesized in nanometric scale for new and improved properties [4, 5]. It is known that magnetic and electrical properties of ferrite materials are sensitive to their microstructure especially grain size and porosity [6]. Grain size depends on the method of preparation, reaction conditions, composition of ferrites, sintering temperature, and so forth. A number of physical and chemical techniques have been developed in recent years to prepare nanosized magnetic materials. The widely used chemical methods are electro deposition [7], coprecipitation [8], microemulsion technique [9], wet chemical method [10] double sintering technique [11], Citrate-gel method [12], and so forth. Among the various routes, Citrate-gel method yields more promising results in the synthesis of ultrafine particles at a fairly low temperature [13–15]. It is reported that the Citrate-gel method is a simple process which speeds up the synthesis of complex materials. It offers a significant saving in time and energy consumption over the traditional methods as it results in the nanoscale particles at a lower sintering temperature for a shorter time period.
For the past few decades, Magnesium ferrite has attracted the attention of researchers [16, 17] due to its great potential for a wide range of applications. These include microwave devices that are based on unique properties of these materials such as higher values of saturation magnetization, curie temperature, electrical resistivity, low Dielectric losses, and moderate coercive field. The excellent magnetic behavior of this material can be explained by the ordering of the magnetic moments of ferric ions and the strong exchange interactions [18].
In view of immense importance of magnesium ferrites and the fact that their properties undergo significant changes on substitution with metal cations, it is thought to synthesize Chromium doped Magnesium ferrites. Hankare et al. have synthesized Cr substituted Mg ferrites using coprecipitation method and their electrical and magnetic properties were studied [17]. Hashim et al. have synthesized nanoparticles of by Citrate-gel auto combustion method and studied their dielectric and magnetic properties [19]. It is under stood and is a fact that Citrate-gel auto combustion method results in ferrites with narrow particle size. To the authors’ knowledge, little information is available on the Mg-Cr nanoferrites synthesized using Citrate-Gel method. It is also known that by calcination the grain size of the Mg-Cr ferrites exhibit different development trend which influences their properties much.
Therefore, an attempt has been made to synthesize spinel ferrite system by Citrate-gel auto combustion method to obtain nanocrystalline particles and to study the magnetic properties and the effect of calcination on the grain size of the particles. Magnetic properties of the nanosized ferrites play a vital role in making use of them in different fields. Hard magnetic materials are used in electric motors, magnetic recording media (e.g., hard drives, floppy disks, or magnetic tape), and magnetic separation. Magnetically soft materials are used in transformer and inductor cores, recording heads, microwave devices, and magnetic shielding. Available literature on the substituted Mg nanoferrites is scarce. A little information is available on the magnetic study of Chromium substituted Mg nanoferrites with low particle size. Therefore, in the present investigation, a maiden attempt has been made to investigate the effect of Cr3+ ions on the magnetic properties of Mg nanoferrites synthesized by Citrate-gel auto combustion method.
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Synthesis
The nanocrystalline ferrites of the chemical composition and were prepared using Citrate-Gel auto combustion method [20]. The following chemicals are used as starting materials for the synthesis. Magnesium Nitrate (Mg(NO3)26H2O) Ferric Nitrate (Fe(NO3)29H2O), Chromium Nitrate (Cr(NO3)29H2O), Citric acid (C6H8O7·H2O) and Ammonia (NH3) (all 99% pure).
The as synthesized powders were subjected to sintering for four hours in muffle furnace at 500°C.
2.2. Characterization
The structural characterization of as synthesized and sintered powders were carried out at room temperature by X-ray diffractometer using CuKα radiation . The magnetic susceptibility of different compositions of Mg-Cr ferrites at room temperature were measured using Faraday’s magnetic Balance which showed the paramagnetic nature of Mg-Cr ferrites. The magnetic properties of synthesized Chromium substituted Mg nanoferrites were studied using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature under the applied magnetic field of 15 kOe.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Studies
X-ray diffraction patterns of all the samples confirm the formation of a well-defined single-phase cubic spinel structure without any impurity peak [21]. From the XRD patterns it is clear that the as prepared powder is also in single phase with a spinel structure indicating that the ferrite can be directly formed after the auto combustion of the gel without heat treatment. The broad peaks in the XRD patterns indicate a fine particle nature of the particles.
The average particle size of the different compositions of the as synthesized Mg-Cr ferrites and calcined Mg-Cr ferrites were calculated from Scherrer formula [22], using the maximum intensity peak (311), and were shown in Table 1.
From the table it is clear that nanosized Mg-Cr ferrite powders can be directly synthesized by Citrate-gel auto combustion method. From the XRD patterns [21] it is clear that the positions of the reflection peaks for as-burnt powders and heat treated powders are almost identical that implies that the basic structure of the nanoparticles is the same as that of the bulk material. Comparing XRD patterns of as synthesized and heat treated samples, it was found that the samples with the same composition differ only in the relative intensity. Similar behavior was reported in synthesis of MgCuZn ferrites using sol-gel auto combustion method by Qi et al. [22].
3.2. Magnetic Susceptibility Using Faradays Balance
The degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field can be indicated by a dimension less proportionality constant known as magnetic susceptibility. A substance will produce its own magnetic field when placed in an external magnetic field. The field adds to the applied field, if the substance is paramagnetic. If the substance is diamagnetic, this field subtracts from the main field. This contribution to the external magnetic field is known as the magnetic susceptibility of the substance. A very sensitive instrument known as a Faradays magnetic susceptibility balance is used to measure magnetic susceptibility of heat treated Mg-Cr nanoferrites at room temperature. In the Faraday balance, the field is inhomogeneous. The pole pieces of the magnet are so shaped that there is a region in which the product of the field strength and field gradient in the direction is constant. The sample is placed in this region. The force in this case is independent of the packing of the sample and depends only on the total mass of the material present. The method is sensitive and highly reproducible and can be applied to single crystals. Using a magnetic balance, the force is measured as a weight change. To calibrate the field gradient the force experienced by a standard sample is measured for different dial settings on the magnet power supply. The sample used for this purpose was Mercury tetra thiocyanato Cobaltate Hg[Co(SCN)4] which is known to have a gram susceptibility of cgs units at 20°C [23]. Paramagnetic materials are attracted to an external magnetic field and give a positive reading. Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by an external magnetic field, resulting in a negative reading. The gram magnetic susceptibility for a substance may be calculated from the following equation. where gram susceptibility of compound; = gram susceptibility of standard sample cgs units at 20°C; weight of the standard sample in absence of magnetic field; weight of the compound in absence of magnetic field; change in weight of the standard sample after the applied magnetic field; change in weight of the compound after the applied magnetic field.
From the gram magnetic susceptibility, the Molar magnetic susceptibility is calculated using the following equation:
The magnetic susceptibility for a particular substance is not particularly useful as itself. value comprises between and for paramagnetic substances and it comprises between and for diamagnetic substances.
The effective magnetic moment for a particular substance can be calculated from the gram magnetic susceptibility using the following equation. where effective magnetic moment in Bohr Magnetons (BM), Molar magnetic susceptibility, and absolute temperature.
The Molar susceptibility and Effective magnetic moment for various compositions of heat treated Mg-Cr nanoferrites at room temperature were calculated using the above equations and were tabulated in Table 2.
From the Table 2 it is clear that the molar susceptibility values of Mg-Cr ferrites of various compositions are of the order of 10−6 indicating the paramagnetic nature of Mg-Cr ferrite system. Further, the effective magnetic moment calculated for various samples shows that decreases with increase in the concentration of dopant Cr3+. The magnetic behavior was further studied from the hysteresis loops obtained from VSM measurements.
3.3. Magnetic Properties Using VSM
The magnetic measurements of various compositions of heat treated Mg-Cr nanoferrites were measured by using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer at room temperature in the range of 15 kOe. Figure 1 show the magnetic hysteresis loops for the heat treated Mg-Cr ferrite samples obtained from Vibrating Sample Magnetometer measurements at room temperature. The relation between the Magnetization and the applied field is given by Hysteresis loops. Various magnetic parameters extracted from the hysteresis loops are Saturation Magnetization- (maximum value of magnetization), Remanence Magnetization- (magnetization at zero field), Coercivity- (magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of that material to zero after the magnetization of the sample has been driven to saturation), Remanence ratio or Squareness ratio . The magnetic parameters of all the samples of Mg-Cr ferrites were calculated from M-H loops and were tabulated in Table 3 and are used to characterize the magnetic properties of materials.
Both the saturation magnetization and coercivity decrease with increase in Cr3+ content as evident from Figure 2 and Table 3. The magnetic properties of soft ferrites are influenced by the composition and microstructure of the materials. Among these factors the microstructure has great effect on the magnetic properties.
(a)
(b)
It is believed that the larger the grain size, the higher the saturation magnetization [22]. From Table 1, MgFe2O4 ferrites have larger grain size (23 nm), hence greater saturation magnetization. With increase in Cr concentration the grain size has decreased hence the saturation magnetization values have also decreased. The saturation magnetization at room temperature decreased from 11.08 emu/g to 1.546 emu/g due to the doping of Cr3+ ions in Mg-Cr ferrites. This decrease in value may also be explained due to the fact that the Fe3+ (magnetic moment 5 μB) are replaced by lesser magnetic Cr3+ ions (magnetic moment 3 μB) in the octahedral (B) sites of the ferrite sub lattice. An increase in the concentration of Cr3+ ion decreases the Fe+3(B)/Fe+2(A) ratio that is, A-B super exchange interaction decreases [24]. Variation of Saturation Magnetization with composition of Mg-Cr ferrites is shown in Figure 2(a).
The value of coercivity decreased from 97.06 Oe to 19.02 Oe with increase in Cr3+ concentration which may be due to the decrease in anisotropy field which in turn decreases the domain wall energy [25]. From the values of coercivity and the saturation magnetization anisotropy constant can be calculated using the following relation [26], and were tabulated in Table 4.
The magnetic moment per formula unit in Bohr Magneton was calculated using the following relation [27] and were tabulated in Table 4. where is the molecular weight of the sample and is the saturation magnetization.
From Table 4 it is clear that with increase in Cr3+ concentration the magnetic moment values decrease. This shows the paramagnetic behavior of the ferrites under investigation. Figure 2(b) shows the variation of anisotropy constant with Cr3+ concentration. It is seen that the value of anisotropy constant, decreases with increase in Cr3+ concentration.
Hysteresis curves are used to check the difference between the soft magnetic materials and the hard magnetic materials. The area inside the hysteresis loop is large for a hard magnetic material, as it represents the amount of useful magnetic energy that can be made available to do work. But, for a soft magnetic material the area inside the loop is small that a small amount of energy is dissipated in repeatedly reversing the magnetization. In the present work, from the hysteresis loops, it is confirmed that soft magnetic materials were prepared with low coercivity.
4. Conclusions
(i)Using Citrate-gel auto combustion technique a series of nanoparticles have been synthesized. (ii)Nanocrystalline ferrite powders with low cost were prepared in this process that takes very less time and low sintering temperature. (iii)The XRD pattern revealed that the cubic spinel structure is maintained for all compositions of both as synthesized powders and heat treated ferrite powders. (iv)The particle size was in the range of 7 to 23 nm that has decreased with increase in Cr3+ compositions.(v)Magnetic susceptibility measurement by Faradays magnetic Balance indicates the paramagnetic nature of the nanosized Mg-Cr ferrites.(vi)Incorporation of Cr3+ ions in Mg Ferrites results in decrease in particle size, Saturation Magnetization, coercivity, and magnetic moment because the replacement of Fe3+ by Cr3+ ions weakens the sub-lattice interaction and lowers magnetic moments of unit cells. (vii)Mg-Cr nanoferrites with narrow hysteresis loop were synthesized with low saturation magnetization and low coercivity. Hence, these ferrites are magnetically soft materials.(viii)These characteristics of ferrites are desirable for their utility in transformers, inductor cores, recording heads, microwave devices, and magnetic shielding.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to K. S. Ravikumar, Chairman, at Jayaprakash Narayan College of Engineering, Mahabunagar (Dist) for his support and continuous encouragement in carrying out research work. D. Ravinder is grateful to Prof. T. L. N. Swamy, Principal Nizam College, for his encouragement to carry out this research work. The authors are also thankful to Prof. M. Vithal, Department of Chemistry, O.U., for his support in characterization of samples.