Melissopalynological and Volatile Compounds Analysis of Buckwheat Honey from Different Geographical Origins and Their Role in Botanical Determination

Table 3

Relative frequencies of the main pollen types in honeys labeled as buckwheat honeys. B7: buckwheat honey from Russia; B8 and B9: buckwheat honey from Poland; B10: buckwheat honey from Nepal.

	Sample code
	B7	B8	B9	B10
Dominant pollen; (>45%)	—	—	—	Cruciferae 67%
Secondary pollen; (16–45%)	Helianthus 30%; Melilotus 24%	Fagopyrum esculentum 25%	Fagopyrum esculentum 30%; Brassica napus 17.9%	Fagopyrum esculentum 16%
Important minor pollen; (3–15%)	Cruciferae 9%; Fagopyrum esculentum 5%; Trifolium repens 5%; Echium 4%; Verbascum 4%; Robinia 3%	Brassica napus 14%; Echium 8%; Trifolium repens 4%; Helianthus 3%; Umbelliferae 3%	Echium 13%; Gleditsia 12.4%; Helianthus 4.8%	Helianthus 4%; Compositae 4%; Eucalyptus 3%
Minor pollen; (<3%)	Labiatae 2%; Onobrychis 2%; Cynoglossum 1%; Prunus 1%; Campanulaceae 1%; Compositae 1%; Lotus 1%; Umbelliferae 1%	Lotus 2%; Trifolium repens 1%; Compositae <1%; Sedum/Sempervivum <1%	Sedum/Sempervivum 3%; Lamium 2.3%; Trifolium  repens 1.9%; Salix 1.5%; Lotus  corniculatus 1.5%; Umbelliferae 1.5%; Salvia 1.5%; Euphorbiaceae <1%	Rosaceae 2%; Umbelliferae 2%; Bombacaceae 1%; Castanea 1%; Labiatae <1%