Aging Mechanisms of Electrode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Table 1

Aging mechanisms of lithium-ion cathode materials—causes, effects, and results.

Cause	Effect	Result	Reduced by	Enhanced by
Li^+ insertion/extraction	Structural disordering	Capacity/power fading	New materials; Material combinations	Undoped materials
Phase transitions	Crystal distortion; Further mechanical stress	Capacity fading	Control charge; cutoff voltage	Overcharge
Metal dissolution	Reprecipitation of new phases; Loss of active material; Surface layer formation	Capacity fading; Impedance rise	Temperature control	Elevated temperature
Electrolyte decomposition	Gas evolution; Surface layer formation	Impedance rise	Alternative; conductive salts	Protic impurities; Elevated temperature; High storage potentials