Micropollutants Identification Affecting the Nearby Environment from Highway Runoff: The Case Study of Cyprus Highway

Table 1

First flush results of highway runoff.

	valid	Mean	SD	Min	Max	First flush; October 2013	First flush; October 2014	Limits for agricultural purpose	Limits for; drinkable waters
									N. 87(Ι); 2001	US; EPA
COD [mg O2/L]	50	75.32	62.97	18	250	2750	3050	—	—	—
EC [μS/cm]	50	379.82	273.9	64	1250	2640	3300	2000	2500	—
TSS [mg/L]	50	601.76	841.91	21	3347	18520	23800	10	—	—
TDS [mg/L]	50	263.16	201.5	43	906	1830	2186	—	—	500
pH	50	7.76	0.335	7.06	8.57	7.3	7.4	—	6.5–9.5	6.5–8.5
FOG [mg/L]	50	4.6	2.47	2.10	8.10	9.2	10.3	5	—	—
PHA [μg/L]	50	14.01	7.98	1.09	24.6	44.8	39.06	—	—	—
T. Coliforms; cfu/100 mL	50	1.7E + 4	1.9E + 4	2.1E + 3	4.3E + 4	5.40E + 04	6.20E + 04	—	0	0
NO3 [mg/L]	50	1.1	0.59	0.67	2.35	32	36	—	50	10
NO2 [mg/L]	50	0.016	0.008	0.008	0.032	0.12	0.11	—	0.5	1
NH4 [mg/L]	50	0.10	0.07	0.05	0.24	0.52	0.68	—	0.5	—
SO4 [mg/L]	50	28.29	25.3	7	80	95	116	—	250	—
Cl [mg/L]	50	35.92	28.6	10	130	68	71	—	250	250
As [μg/L]	50	0.8	0.99	ND	4	4	3	100	10	10
Ba [μg/L]	50	26.46	13.3	4	58	480	528	—	—	2000
Bi [μg/L]	50	2.60	1.8	ND	7	5	ND	—	—	—
Cd [μg/L]	50	ND	0.000	—	—	6	5	10	5	5
Co [μg/L]	50	0.06	0.24	ND	1	9	10	50	—	—
Cr [μg/L]	50	1.06	0.93	ND	3	14	11	100	50	100
Cu [μg/L]	50	3.82	2.8	ND	12	19	15	200	2000	1300
Fe [μg/L]	50	52.50	59.2	3	340	1685	1391	5000	200	300
Hg [μg/L]	50	0.08	0.274	ND	1	1	ND	0.005	1	2
Mn [μg/L]	50	2.08	2.27	ND	8	1680	2332	200	50	50
Mo [μg/L]	50	0.58	0.673	ND	2	ND	ND	10	—	—
Ni [μg/L]	50	3.58	4.14	ND	21	38	42	—	20	—
P [μg/L]	50	415.38	168.4	158	851	8420	9389	—	—	—
Pb [μg/L	50	2.74	1.782	ND	6	5	9	5000	10	15
Zn [μg/L]	50	9.48	15.2	ND	69	41	39	2000	—	5000
Sr [μg/L]	50	204.42	139.4	48	737	652	829	—	—	—

; ND: not detected.
(: sampling analysis and SD: standard deviation).