Binding Mode Investigation of Polyphenols from Scrophularia Targeting Human Aldose Reductase Using Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Table 1

The docking results of polyphenols along with the predicted and experimental IC₅₀ values.

Ligands	Two-dimensional structure	Free energy of binding (KJ·mol^−1)	Number of H bonds formed	H-bond forming residues	Interacting residues	Predicted IC50 (µM)	Experimental IC50 (µM)
Acacetin		−10.0	4	Tyr48, Lys77, Ile260, Cys298,	Gly18, Trp20, Asp43, Tyr48, Lys77, Lys21, Lys262, Ile260, Tyr209, Pro211, Ser210, Leu212, Cys298, Ser214, Pro215	0.046	4.76
Ferulic acid		−7.21	3	Trp20, Lys77, Asn160	Gly18, Thr19, Trp20, Asp43, Tyr48, Lys77, His110, Ser159, Asn160, Tyr209, Ser210, Lys262	5.18	21.85
Protocateuic acid		−6.71	5	Thr19, Lys21, Lys77	Thr19, Trp20, Lys21, Tyr48, Lys77, Tyr209, Ser214, Lys262,	12.02	27.81
Gallic acid		−6.70	5	Thr19, Tyr48, Lys77	Thr19, Trp20, Lys21, Asp43, Tyr48, Lys77, Tyr209, Lys262,	12.36	57.2
Cinnamic acid		−6.44	2	Lys77, Asn160	Trp20, Asp43, Tyr48, Lys77, His110, Ser159, Asn160, Gln183, Tyr209	18.88	46.30
Vanillic acid		−6.00	3	Trp20, Asp43, Lys77	Trp20, Lys21, Asp43, Tyr48, Lys77, Tyr209, Ser210	39.95	>10
Syringic acid		−5.98	2	Lys21, Asp43	Thr19, Trp20, Lys21, Asp43, Tyr48, Lys77, Asn160, Tyr209, Ser210, Ser214, Cys298	41.55	86.21

The predicted IC₅₀ values were calculated based on the binding energy by AutoDock.
The experimental IC₅₀ values were calculated from the literatures [7, 10].