Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Chemical and Microbiological Characterization for PDO Labelling of Typical East Piedmont (Italy) Salami

Table 3

Volatile compounds detected in “Muletta” salami during ripening (ng g⁻¹).


RT^a	LRI^b	Compounds	Origin^c											Method of identification^g
RT^a	LRI^b	Compounds	Origin^c	Min^e	Max^f	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Method of identification^g

		Terpenes
5.55	755	-Pinene	S	111.03	507.39	345.67	1143.06	38.40	6145.03	140.64	267.71	31.99	309.08	MS + LRI
5.84	766	-Thujene	S	0.00	221.22	0.00	46.92	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.48	MS + LRI
8.81	884	-Pinene	S	263.65	710.08	453.30	1855.70	30.60	11530.05	281.01	365.64	48.46	536.68	MS + LRI
9.79	923	Sabinene	S	0.00	744.65	0.00	419.57	0.00	0.00	0.00	94.55	194.56	177.45	MS + LRI
11.20	979	3-Carene	S	205.30	867.22	331.35	2051.75	195.87	18524.57	454.80	837.22	34.51	374.29	MS + LRI
12.05	1013	-phellandrene	S	4.18	26.48	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00.	0.00	51.54	345.89	MS + LRI
12.11	1015	Terpen	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	ms
12.51	1031	-Mircene	S	3.62	41.42	8.36	35.85	9.42	550.28	24.55	31.85	29.40	257.49	MS + LRI
12.79	1042	-Terpinene	S	0.00	16.93	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
13.69	1078	Limonene	S	53.44	305.81	90.11	366.58	60.46	3769.76	75.89	163.02	131.85	1321.38	MS + LRI
14.87	1125	-Phellandrene	S	0.00	79.65	0.00	42.94	831.08	669.13	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
15.17	1137	Terpen	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.15	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	ms
16.51	1190	-Terpinene	S	0.00	26.58	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.99	0.06	MS + LRI
16.61	1194	Cymene	S	0.00	46.71	0.00	12.28	338.55	243.82	0.00	41.06	14.02	0.25	MS + LRI
22.82	1441	Terpen	S	0.00	6.12	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.48	0.21	ms
24.66	1514	Terpen	S	0.00	1.69	0.00	2.4	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	ms
25.24	1537	Terpen	S	6.08	6.68	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	ms
25.13	1533	trans--Caryophyllene	S	24.02	129.96	22.12	307.58	13.94	1413.19	53.32	278.67	41.62	1507.61	MS + LRI
27.18	1614	Humulene	S	0.00	0.58	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.08	MS + LRI
Tot.				276.06	1408.28	1250.91	6290.38	1518.32	42845.83	1030.21	2079.72	582.42	4835.95
		Aldehydes
1.77	604	Acetaldehyde		0.00	69.07	0.00	84.10	0.00	806.23	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
8.18	859	Hexanal	LO	33.00	50.30	0.00	157.22	0.00	20.31	0.00	49.16	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
18.69	1277	2-Heptenal		0.00	1.48	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.77	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
20.50	1349	Nonanal	LO	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	1.79	44.88	MS + LRI
23.95	1486	Benzaldehyde	AC	0.00	5.76	0.00	8.95	1044.19	0.00	0.00	123.44	0.00	17.42	MS + LRI
25.86	1562	Benzenacetaldehyde	AC	0.00	9.29	0.00	8.41	785.02	0.00	5.56	423.71	104.00	145.16	MS + LRI
Tot.				33.00	135.90	0.00	258.68	1829.21	828.31	5.56	596.31	105.79	207.46
		Ketones
2.12	618	2-Propanone	MI	0.00	406.93	33.62	91.69	0.00	505.84	0.00	51.34	0.00	11.97	MS + LRI
2.91	650	2-Butanone	F	0.00	1623.42	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	3521.42	0.00	166.12	MS + LRI
5.25	743	2,3-Butanedione	F	0.00	142.33	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
13.97	1089	2-Hexanone	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.12	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
14.01	1091	2-Heptanone	LO	0.00	3.68	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.19	0.00	4.41	MS + LRI
16.27	1181	3-Octanone	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.59	MS + LRI
16.97	1208	Keton	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.67	Ms
16.53	1191	Keton	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.60	Ms
16.98	1209	3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	F	59.37	1966.78	827.33	1172.70	6.85	2038.92	7.29	223.42	0.00	15.51	MS + LRI
18.91	1286	6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.25	MS + LRI
20.92	1365	2-Nonanone	LO	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	6.18	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
24.5	1508	4-Hydroxy-2-butanone	MI	0.00	4.26	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
Tot.				59.37	4239.47	860.95	1187.51	6.85	2544.76	7.29	3804.55	0.00	202.12
		Alcohols
3.49	673	Ethanol	F	7522.25	6370.77	11973.63	47046.29	648.81	101837.44	2241.97	3420.26	320.23	11467.61	MS + LRI
5.97	771	2-Butanol	F	0.00	2987.55	248.58	2729.31	0.00	234404.24	0.00	3594.77	0.00	72.96	MS + LRI
7.22	821	1-Propanol	LO	0.00	205.73	211.15	441.08	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
10.9	967	2-Methyl-1-propanol	AC	107.10	442.94	56.05	897.74	19.46	2616.34	53.74	72.37	0.00	97.35	MS + LRI
11.65	997	2-Pentanol		0.00	34.63	22.17	205.84	0.00	19.92	0.00	33.60	0.00	176.61	MS + LRI
12.69	1038	1-Butanol		0.00	20.65	0.00	13.53	0.00	654.85	0.00	40.62	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
14.75	1120	3-Methyl-1-butanol	AC	599.71	3086.67	384.91	4016.50	59.35	20241.68	211.95	328.12	28.17	1468.75	MS + LRI
16.87	1204	3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol		0.00	6.04	6.75	40.25	0.00	3.94	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.52	MS + LRI
16.96	1208	1-Pentanol		0.00	33.84	15.22	180.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.19	MS + LRI
18.53	1270	3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol		0.00	5.96	0.00	7.14	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.48	MS + LRI
19.24	1299	2-Heptanol		0.00	1.48	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.92	MS + LRI
19.53	1310	1-Hexanol		0.00	77.84	0.00	406.92	3.13	449.85	0.00	2.29	2.88	60.97	MS + LRI
20.31	1341	Alcohol		0.00	0.00	0.00	212.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
22.04	1410	1-Octen-3-ol	LO	0.00	2.06	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	43.69	MS + LRI
23.12	1453	Alcohol		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
24.74	1517	Alcohol		0.00	6.36	0.00	1.31	0.00	168.84	0.00	3.75	0.00	4.10	Ms
30.61	1751	Alcohol		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.70	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
31.05	1768	Benzenethanol	MI	0.00	19.63	24.62	45.64	0.00	0.46	0.00	64.40	0.00	26.74	MS + LRI
Tot.				8229.06	13302.15	12943.08	56244.27	730.75	360397.56	2507.66	7560.18	351.28	13421.89
		Free fatty acids
21.61	1393	Acetic acid		2550.58	2928.98	2788.50	24333.05	562.28	52236.16	952.94	2049.15	100.55	9039.94	MS + LRI
23.52	1469	Formic acid		0.00	2.10	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
23.71	1476	Propanoic acid		0.00	133.16	143.09	1486.92	38.26	2954.71	54.40	141.12	5.99	716.58	MS + LRI
24.99	1527	2-Methyl-propanoic acid		0.00	19.34	30.73	475.17	7.06	817.86	11.22	21.07	0.00	21.63	MS + LRI
26.22	1576	Butanoic acid		74.75	122.94	68.00	774.76	37.87	2360.26	27.97	79.15	1.81	232.99	MS + LRI
27.09	1611	3-Methyl butanoic acid		36.16	400.93	51.91	893.17	19.40	1413.97	15.82	32.27	1.59	57.79	MS + LRI
27.38	1622	2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	157.74	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
28.38	1662	Pentanoic acid		0.00	2.67	2.65	11.27	1.98	75.10	0.96	2.58	0.00	47.65	MS + LRI
29.80	1718	Hexanoic acid		0.00	2.19	4.96	32.28	12.01	162.80	2.95	10.01	0.69	9.63	MS + LRI
Tot.				2661.49	3612.31	3089.84	28007.15	678.86	60178.60	1066.26	2335.35	110.63	10126.21
		Hydrocarbons
1.51	500	Pentane	LO	0.00	280.40	75.81	2368.70	85.92	553.22	80.65	295.70	2.40	161.09	MS + LRI
6.08	776	Toluene	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	57.66	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	77.60	1487.15	MS + LRI
23.42	1465	Hydrocarbon	MI	0.00	2.30	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
Tot.				0.00	282.70	75.81	2426.36	85.92	553.22	80.65	295.70	80.00	1648.24
		Esters
3.08	656	Acetic acid ethyl ester	ME	1261.40	7371.93	926.44	9092.92	586.21	16420.94	566.78	1836.03	0.00	6755.62	MS + LRI
7.56	834	Butanoic acid ethyl ester	ME	3.59	32.67	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
19.7	1317	Propanoic acid ethyl ester	ME	0.00	76.40	0.00	167.25	0.00	15.52	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
20.04	1330	2-Hydroxy propanoic acid ethyl ester	ME	0.00	38.26	53.30	164.14	0.00	492.76	3.80	17.86	0.00	28.04	Ms
30.39	1742	Hexanoic acid ethyl ester	ME	0.00	3.68	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
Tot.				1345.07	7522.94	979.74	9424.31	586.21	16929.22	570.58	1853.89	0.00	6783.66
		Sulfur compounds
2.86	648	Sulfur oxide	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	8.76	MS + LRI
3.80	685	Allyl methyl sulfide	S	482.66	6499.78	296.74	1764.14	115.64	11593.25	835.35	836.38	133.51	2404.39	MS + LRI
23.12	1453	Sulfur compound	S	0.00	2.11	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.59	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
27.98	1646	Sulfur compound	S	0.56	5.75	2.12	10.12	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.19	2.92	64.32	Ms
28.3	1659	Diallyl sulfone	S	0.00	13.52	0.00	18.18	0.00	744.68	0.00	7.02	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
40.76	2154	Decanethiol	S	0.00	11.18	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
Tot.				483.22	6532.34	298.86	1792.44	115.64	12340.52	842.37	844.59	136.43	2477.47	Ms
		Lactones
26.04	1569	2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro	LO	7.12	10.92	9.68	48.62	2.49	139.58	2.73	4.79	0.46	55.14	MS + LRI
27.57	1630	Lactone	MI	0.00	1.65	0.00	0.00	0.00	32.91	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	Ms
Tot.				8.77	12.57	9.68	48.62	2.49	172.49	2.73	4.79	0.46	55.14

Retention time of volatile compounds. Kovats index calculated for RTX-WAX capillary column (Castello, 1999) [14]. Origin: F (carbohydrate fermentation); AC (amino acid catabolism); LO (lipid oxidation); ME (microbial esterification); S (spices and condiments); MI (miscellaneous: contaminants, unknown). ^dRipening time according to experimental plan. ^eMinimum extracted quantities (ng 4-methyl-2-pentanone equivalents g salami⁻¹). Value 0 means that trace amounts were detected (<0.1 ng g⁻¹). ^fMaximum extracted quantities (ng 4-methyl-2-pentanone equivalents g salami⁻¹). Value 0 means that trace amounts were detected (<0.1 ng g⁻¹). ^gMS + LRI, mass spectrum, and LRI agree with those of authentic compounds; ms + lri, mass spectrum, and LRI in agreement with the literature; mass spectrum agrees with spectrum in the NIST library Mass Spectral Database.