Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Chemical and Microbiological Characterization for PDO Labelling of Typical East Piedmont (Italy) Salami

Table 5

Volatile compounds detected in “Nobile del Giarolo” salami during ripening (ng g⁻¹).


RT^a	LRI^b	Compounds	Origin^c											Method of identification^g
RT^a	LRI^b	Compounds	Origin^c	Min^e	Max^f	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Min	Max	Method of identification^g

		Terpenes
5.55	755	-Pinene	S	0.00	286.01	0.00	2367.21	210.31	1081.54	210.31	655.96	0.00	6752.46	MS + LRI
5.84	766	-Thujene	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	773.52	MS + LRI
8.81	884	-Pinene	S	5.13	448.13	15.92	4000.17	200.93	3171.51	628.94	1020.19	0.00	2029.65	MS + LRI
9.79	923	Sabinene	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.68	0.00	68.34	0.00	3821.96	MS + LRI
10.62	956	Terpen	S	0.00	29.41	0.00	0.00	0.00	382.73	0.00	3248.16	0.00	0.00	ms
11.20	979	3-Carene	S	0.00	4062.38	1686.41	141.61	655.80	955.02	1035.26	2165.81	0.00	9440.59	MS + LRI
12.05	1013	-Phellandrene	S	0.00	996.05	157.89	90.44	30.92	42.83	45.39	97.00	0.00	574.63	MS + LRI
12.51	1031	-Mircene	S	0.00	760.74	85.42	4.00	27.73	36.28	39.51	86.71	0.00	587.80	MS + LRI
12.79	1042	-Terpinene	S	0.00	24.51	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	66.61	MS + LRI
13.69	1078	Limonene	S	0.00	4667.83	6.57	897.05	200.33	629.05	511.25	636.40	0.00	5448.64	MS + LRI
13.99	1090	Terpen	S	0.00	33.53	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	637.33	ms
16.61	1194	p-Cymene	S	0.00	636.21	0.00	0.00	0.00	28.82	0.00	91.31	0.00	275.18	MS + LRI
17.06	1212	Terpen	S	56.01	56.01	45.73	3.59	0.00	12.32	0.00	27.40	0.00	34.47	ms
22.31	1421	Terpen	S	15.82	15.82	24.92	0.25	0.00	9.17	0.00	79.47	0.00	125.49	ms
24.24	1497	Terpen	S	21.44	21.44	22.80	3.75	0.00	17.03	0.00	4.45	0.00	141.82	ms
24.46	1506	Terpen	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.23	ms
25.13	1533	trans--Caryophyllene	S	0.35	35.63	1.76	4.50	0.00	14.09	0.00	46.61	0.00	39.47	MS + LRI
25.26	1538	Terpineol	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	88.89	MS + LRI
27.16	1613	Terpen	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	15.30	ms
Tot.				98.75	12073.70	2047.42	7512.57	1326.02	6402.07	2470.66	8227.81	0.00	30864.04
		Aldehydes
8.18	859	Hexanal	LO	0.00	6.78	29.93	104.69	12.57	72.86	17.25	40.93	0.00	128.46	MS + LRI
20.50	1349	Nonanal	LO	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	9.08	0.00	29.57	0.00	84.54	MS + LRI
23.27	1459	Benzaldehyde	AC	1.13	79.31	4.49	95.17	58.98	277.60	0.00	130.98	0.00	431.17	MS + LRI
25.86	1562	Benzenacetaldehyde	AC	0.00	677.86	0.00	117.94	0.00	1103.61	192.62	197.08	0.00	990.64	MS + LRI
Tot.				1.13	763.95	34.42	317.80	71.55	1463.15	209.87	398.56	0.00	1634.81
		Ketones
2.12	618	2-Propanone	MI	35.77	260.91	23.67	4254.54	317.14	3168.90	181.12	1003.98	0.00	939.69	MS + LRI
2.91	650	2-Butanone	F	0.00	1035.38	0.00	24868.69	0.00	43993.89	0.00	3561.24	0.00	6257.35	MS + LRI
4.77	724	2-Pentanone	LO	0.00	0.00	0.00	63.08	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
14.01	1091	2-Heptanone	LO	0.00	63.11	0.00	13.65	0.00	10.02	0.00	33.22	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
16.27	1181	3-Octanone	LO	0.00	28.28	0.00	2.95	3.22	15.18	3.77	10.96	0.00	33.42	MS + LRI
16.98	1209	3-Hydroxy-2-butanone	F	4.24	571.19	0.00	653.99	11.87	1428.91	37.81	51.11	0.00	180.04	MS + LRI
18.91	1286	6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.10	0.00	6.85	0.00	10.06	MS + LRI
20.92	1365	2-Nonanone	LO	0.00	177.82	0.00	3.39	0.00	32.67	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
24.5	1508	4-Hydroxy-2-butanone	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	76.68	0.00	0.00	0.00	17.58	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
Tot.				40.01	2136.69	23.67	29936.97	332.23	48651.67	222.70	4684.94	0.00	7420.56
		Alcohols
3.49	673	Ethanol	F	176.04	2617.49	492.29	5961.66	1738.35	6176.15	988.74	5503.44	0.00	3687.51	MS + LRI
5.97	771	2-Butanol	F	0.00	0.00	0.00	279.15	0.00	956.62	0.00	5015.19	0.00	723.36	MS + LRI
7.22	821	1-Propanol	LO	0.00	0.00	0.00	202.90	0.00	381.67	0.00	184.94	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
10.9	967	2-Methyl-1-propanol	AC	0.00	11.08	28.84	49.33	0.00	11.23	0.00	35.75	0.00	0.0	MS + LRI
14.75	1120	3-Methyl-1-butanol	AC	0.00	0.00	0.00	329.06	36.95	269.77	159.35	861.51	0.00	325.12	MS + LRI
16.87	1204	3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol	AC	0.00	0.00	20.49	85.84	0.00	2.62	0.00	8.45	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
16.96	1208	1-Pentanol	LO	0.00	1.92	0.00	11.15	0.00	10.41	0.00	33.48	0.00	26.42	MS + LRI
18.39	1265	Alcohol	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.86	ms
18.53	1270	3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol	AC	0.00	0.00	0.00	19.87	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.75	MS + LRI
19.42	1306	2,3-Butanediol	ME	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
19.53	1310	1-Hexanol	LO	0.00	75.08	0.00	6.32	0.00	35.96	0.00	116.95	0.00	17.63	MS + LRI
22.04	1410	1-Octen-3-ol	LO	1.19	190.82	5.27	7.07	0.00	28.42	0.00	92.39	0.00	62.06	MS + LRI
31.05	1768	Benzenethanol	MI	0.00	53.82	0.00	6.82	0.00	14.92	0.00	48.69	0.00	48.21	MS + LRI
Tot.				177.23	2950.21	546.89	6962.18	1175.30	7887.77	1148.09	11900.79	0.00	4901.92
		Free fatty acids
21.61	1393	Acetic acid		249.63	870.62	303.09	22463.67	1025.56	6761.99	765.92	3197.54	0.00	2707.34	MS + LRI
23.71	1476	Propanoic acid		2.76	11.21	2.27	72.15	13.54	119.99	37.23	44.71	0.00	31.52	MS + LRI
24.99	1527	2-Methyl-propanoic acid		0.00	1.89	1.19	35.26	2.74	26.57	4.86	8.53	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
26.22	1576	Butanoic acid		12.56	58.34	17.23	181.33	33.22	111.91	19.09	103.77	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
27.09	1611	3-Methyl butanoic acid		2.54	30.87	2.47	111.75	7.42	79.42	11.97	23.15	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
28.38	1662	Pentanoic acid		0.00	0.24	0.63	6.74	0.00	4.91	1.71	0.73	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
29.80	1718	Hexanoic acid		1.13	40.16	2.56	19.92	5.11	20.51	6.58	16.21	0.00	12.55	MS + LRI
32.75	1836	Octanoic acid		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.47	0.00	4.79	0.00	6.19	MS + LRI
Tot.				268.62	1013.33	329.44	22890.82	1087.59	7126.77	847.36	3399.43	0.00	2757.60
		Hydrocarbons
1.51	500	Pentane	LO	0.00	20.14	0.00	18.21	27.32	1177.39	0.00	85.37	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
1.66	600	Hexane	LO	0.00	20151.83	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
6.08	776	Toluene	MI	0.00	4.26	0.00	0.00	312.75	763.96	0.00	2513.08	0.00	2127.98	MS + LRI
11.61	995	o-Xylene	MI	0.00	33.56	0.00	0.00	1.42	45.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
12.04	1013	p-Xylene	MI	0.65	65.85	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
Tot.				0.65	20275.64	0.00	18.21	341.49	1986.64	0.00	2598.45	0.00	2127.98
		Esters
2.56	636	Acetic acid methyl ester	ME	0.00	604.40	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
3.08	656	Acetic acid ethyl ester	ME	25.15	728.97	28.47	167.91	57.05	69.93	75.03	231.11	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
Tot.				25.15	1333.37	28.47	167.91	57.05	69.93	75.03	231.11	0.00	0.00
		Sulfur compounds
1.95	612	Carbon disulfide	S	1.34	34.08	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	381.66	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
3.80	685	Allyl methyl sulfide	S	20.81	590.28	0.00	26.37	0.00	290.23	0.00	942.49	0.00	1098.17	MS + LRI
5.34	746	Sulfur compound	S	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.50	0.00	66.23	20.72	217.64	0.00	110.10	ms
27.85	1641	Dimethyl disulfide	S	0.00	21.56	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	33.76	MS + LRI
Tot.				22.15	645.92	0.00	27.87	0.00	356.46	20.72	1541.79	0.00	1242.03
		Nitrogen compounds
18.45	1267	2,6-Dimethyl pirazin	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.82	MS + LRI
28.12	1652	Acetamide	MI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.35	0.00	4.30	0.00	6.64	MS + LRI
Tot.				0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.35	0.00	4.30	0.00	12.46
		Lactones
26.03	1569	2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro	LO	0.00	0.54	1.05	21.88	9.07	21.00	4.85	28.52	0.00	0.00	MS + LRI
Tot.				0.00	0.54	1.05	21.88	9.07	21.00	4.85	28.52	0.00	0.00
		Ethers
27.99	1646	Dimetoxy benzene	MI	0.00	54.88	0.00	0.00	1.77	7.39	0.00	5.81	0.00	9.05	MS + LRI
Tot.				0.00	54.88	0.00	0.00	1.77	7.39	0.00	5.81	0.00	9.05

Retention time of volatile compounds. Kovats index calculated for RTX-WAX capillary column (Castello, 1999) [14]. Origin: F (carbohydrate fermentation); AC (amino acid catabolism); LO (lipid oxidation); ME (microbial esterification); S (spices and condiments); MI (miscellaneous: contaminants, unknown). ^dRipening time according to experimental plan. ^eMinimum extracted quantities (ng 4-methyl-2-pentanone equivalents g salami⁻¹). Value 0 means that trace amounts were detected (<0.1 ng g⁻¹). ^fMaximum extracted quantities (ng 4-methyl-2-pentanone equivalents g salami⁻¹). Value 0 means that trace amounts were detected (<0.1 ng g⁻¹). ^gMS + LRI, mass spectrum, and LRI agree with those of authentic compounds; ms + lri, mass spectrum, and LRI in agreement with the literature; mass spectrum agrees with spectrum in the NIST library Mass Spectral Database.