Chemical Speciation of the System Cu(II)-Indomethacin in Ethanol and Water by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Rodríguez-Laguna, Norma; Reyes-García, Luis I.; Moya-Hernández, Rosario; Rojas-Hernández, Alberto; Gómez-Balderas, Rodolfo

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9804162

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 9804162 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9804162

Chemical Speciation of the System Cu(II)-Indomethacin in Ethanol and Water by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Norma Rodríguez-Laguna,¹Luis I. Reyes-García,¹Rosario Moya-Hernández,¹Alberto Rojas-Hernández,²and Rodolfo Gómez-Balderas¹

Academic Editor: Narcis Avarvari

Received11 Dec 2015

Accepted01 Mar 2016

Published27 Mar 2016

Abstract

It has been proposed that the metal-drug complexes could be in fact the active agents displaying therapeutic effects of drugs. The characterization of the global formation equilibrium of complexes formed between metal ions and species with biological activity such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs provides essential information to understand the mechanism of action of drugs. Since equilibrium constants determine the relative predominance of species, they provide crucial information to identify what complexes are more likely to be present in the system being responsible for the therapeutic effects of the drug. In this paper, the systems formed between copper and Indomethacin of different concentrations in ethanol or water were studied by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The stoichiometry of the complexes Cu(II)–Indomethacin and their formation constants were investigated. Moreover, molecular structures of the Cu(II)–Indomethacin complexes were explored by means of the molecular modeling within the frame of the density functional theory.

1. Introduction

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used as analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity; they also offer therapeutic benefits in preventing some cancer types [1] and in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases [2, 3]; despite these important therapeutic effects, their mechanisms of action at the molecular scale are not completely understood.

Indomethacin (IndoH), molecular formula C₁₉H₁₆ClNO₄ and chemical name 2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl]acetic acid (Scheme 1), a member of the arylalkanoic acid family, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity [4]. It has been identified as a nonselective inhibitor drug of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2, which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins [4–9]. Its solubility in water is very low but acceptable enough to carry out UV-Vis Spectroscopy determination of some of its physicochemical properties in solution [4, 10, 11]. For instance, so far, the value of the IndoH has been found by UV-Vis and density functional theory (DFT) based methods, among other approaches; these values range from 4.13 to 4.52 [10, 12–14].

On the other hand, copper is present in around 100 enzymes in living organisms [15], the reason why it is a very important biochemical agent; there are abundant observations about altered levels of copper in various acute diseases; particularly, lack of copper is identified in illness resulting in inflammatory processes. It has been documented that the administration of compounds of NSAIDs with metal ions, especially with Cu(II), produces an enhanced therapeutic action as well as less negative side effects than the parent NSAID [16, 17].

Complexes of Cu(II) and carboxylic acids exist in solution and in their crystalline forms either as monomeric or dimeric structures, although a marked preference for the formation of dimeric structures of the type of Cu(II)-Acetate has been identified [9, 18–23]. The Cu(II)–Carboxylate monomers exist in a trans-configuration with unidental bis(carboxylate) bond and the metal center Cu(II) with a coordination number ranging from four to six [9]. On the other hand, the widely studied, dimeric compounds of Cu(II) have structures type “paddle wheel,” where the Cu–Cu bond distance is 2.64 Å, which marginally exceeds the distance Cu–Cu in the metallic copper (2.56 Å) [9]. Those Cu(II)–NSAID complexes, where the NSAID contains carboxylate groups, tend to have similar structures, with solvent molecules in the position trans to the Cu–Cu bond. In such complexes, each ion donates an electron to give rise to an important metal-metal interaction shortening the Cu–Cu distance. Interestingly, it has also been found that Cu(II)–drugs dimeric complexes seem to be therapeutically more effective and less toxic than monomeric complexes, which in turn are less lipophilic and more reactive [23]. Thus, the monomeric-dimeric distribution is revealed as an important factor in the toxicity and effectiveness of the complexes. That distribution is determined by the values of equilibrium constants of different complexes, that is, by the thermodynamics of the process of formation of the stable species in solution.

Regarding the geometries adopted by the Cu(II)–Indomethacin complexes, the X-ray study of the compound Cu(II)₂[Indo]₄L₂ (L = H₂O, DMSO, and DMF) has been reported [21, 22], where the characteristic known paddle wheel structure of dinuclear Cu(II)–Carboxylate is present [9, 24, 25]. Important information about the formed complexes is found from the X-ray characterization, but to discuss the pharmacological action of the Cu(II)–Indomethacin complexes, it is necessary to identify those species predominating under physiological conditions as they play a central role in displaying the biological effect.

As far as we know, Cu(II)–Indomethacin species formed in solution either mononuclear or dinuclear have not yet been identified and/or characterized. A study of the speciation of Cu(II)–Indomethacin system in solution represents a first approach to know the distribution and formation (stability) constants of the complexes. Given the low solubility of Indomethacin in water, the UV-Visible spectrophotometry becomes a suitable technique for the speciation of the Cu(II)–Indomethacin systems; in this respect, molar ratios and continuous variations methods supported on UV-Visible spectrophotometry have been successfully applied for the speciation of Fe(III)–Tenoxicam and Fe(III)–Meloxicam solutions [26, 27]. The determination of the structure of the crystallized complexes can be performed either by X-ray methods or by applying quantum-chemistry based methods; the applicability of theoretical methods allows the structural characterization of the species in solution. Molecular modeling based on the density functional theory helps us to know the structure of those species, in the different stoichiometries experimentally recognized in solution.

To perform the speciation study, computer programs such as TRIANG [28], SQUAD [29], and MEDUSA [30] were employed. TRIANG determines, from an arrangement of absorbances () at different wavelengths (), the most probable number of species absorbing electromagnetic radiation. The number of species that the program reports depends on the value of the error of transmittance () that is evaluated applying the theory of error propagation on the different analytical procedures, such as preparation of solutions and error of the analytical instruments. SQUAD (Stability Quotients from Absorbance Data) created by Leggett and McBryde [29] is designed to refine equilibrium constants from a proposed chemical model (which can be dependent on or independent of the pH), from absorbance data obtained at different wavelengths and different chemical composition (total concentrations of metal and ligand) of the systems. The program can be used to treat data for aqueous and nonaqueous solutions. The program employs a least square approximation using the Gauss-Newton algorithm; it calculates the values of the global formation constants that minimize the sum of residual squares () between the experimental and calculated absorbance of the species at the wavelengths, as follows:

To determine if the proposed chemical model reproduces the experimental information, SQUAD uses the following statistical parameters: parameter of correlation, standard deviation of the absorbance data () and of the equilibrium constants (), standard deviation by spectra (), and standard deviation of the molar absorptivity coefficients (). indicates the validity of the proposed chemical model; for reliable data, this deviation is expected in the range from ±0.0001 to ±0.001. The statistical analysis presented by SQUAD depends largely on the accuracy of the equipment used, the amount of data fed, and the chemical complexity of the system. Not only does the process of selecting the best chemical model rely on obtaining good statistical parameters, but also the internal consistency of the model must be checked; for example, the calculated molar absorptivity coefficients for each species should be consistent with its experimental behavior, revealing the predominating species under certain given experimental conditions. Finally, MEDUSA (Make Equilibrium Diagrams Using Sophisticated Algorithms) creates diagrams of distribution of the species in the system, providing their molar fractions in terms of concentrations; calculations are based on the values of the stability constants given by SQUAD.

In this paper, we study the interaction of metal copper ion with Indomethacin; looking for the stoichiometry of the Cu(II)–Indomethacin species formed in solution, we employed the molar ratios and the continuous variations methods on UV-Visible spectrophotometric data. Then, we proposed a series of formation chemical equilibriums of the complexes in solution and computed their stability constants. Furthermore, the molecular structures of the identified species in solution were modeled through density functional theory methods. This contribution could be used for the design of more powerful drugs with fewer side effects to the organism. Likewise, the speciation in solution of these species can help determine the optimal conditions for drug administration.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Section

2.1.1. Reagents and Equipment

Indomethacin 99% (SIGMA Life Science), copper (II) nitrate hydrate (Cu(NO₃)₂·H₂O) 99.999% (ALDRICH CHEM. CO.), NaOH QP 98.1% (FERMONT), and HCl 35.6% (Chemistry MEYER) were employed without any further treatment. Anhydrous ethyl alcohol 99.95% (J. T. Baker) and deionized water with (Pureb Classic ELGA) were used to prepare ethanol or aqueous solutions. UV-Vis spectrophotometric data were recorded with a Lambda 35 Perkin-Elmer UV-Vis spectrophotometer, with Quartz cells of 1 cm of optical path length. A Perkin-Elmer Frontier IR/FIR was employed for the IR spectrophotometry.

2.2. Methodology

2.2.1. Molar Ratios

Solutions of Cu(II) and Indomethacin at the 10⁻², 5 × 10⁻², 10⁻³, and 10⁻⁴M concentrations were prepared, according to the experimental design, to carry out either molar ratios or continuous variations methods [26]. The first three of those solutions were prepared with ethanol, while water was used for the concentration 10⁻⁴M. The IndoH was dissolved with NaOH stoichiometric amount before completing the volume with ethanol or water to form the Indo⁻ anion. Temperature was kept constant at 25°C.

The molar ratios method allows finding the stoichiometry of the species in solution from a plot of absorbance as a function of , where is the molar ratio of the titrant added with respect to the analyte. For example, , though it is also possible to graph in reverse; that is, . To perform the method, two series of systems were prepared: fixing the concentration of Indo⁻ and varying the concentration of Cu(II) and fixing the concentration of Cu(II) and varying the concentration of Indo⁻. For the first case, the systems were prepared using solutions of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ at concentration 10⁻²M in ethanol, in such a way that the final concentration of Indo⁻ was constant and equal to 2 × 10⁻³M through the systems, while the concentration of Cu(II) varied from 0 to 8 × 10⁻³M. For the second case, the concentration of Cu(II) was fixed to 2 × 10⁻³M and the concentration of Indo⁻ varied from 0 to 8 × 10⁻³M. Another set of experiments were also conducted using solutions of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ of initial concentration 5 × 10⁻²M in ethanol, in such a way that the component that was fixed had a concentration of 10⁻²M and that the concentration of the other component varied from 0 to 4 × 10⁻²M. The measured pH value of different systems was found in a range of .

2.2.2. Continuous Variations

To confirm the results obtained with the method of molar ratios, the method of continuous variation (also known as Job’s method [31, 32]) was also used. The method allows determining the stoichiometries of the complexes in solution from graphs of absorbance as a function of the molar fraction of the ligand () or metal (). In this case, the systems were prepared by varying continuously the mole fraction from 0 to 1 for both components with constant. Experiments were executed using solutions of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ with initial concentrations of 10⁻³M in ethanol and 10⁻⁴M in water.

In both methods, we recorded the absorption spectra in the wavelength range from 200 to 900 nm. Absorbance values obtained in the UV-Vis spectra were organized in the appropriate way to be treated with SQUAD. Assuming that the different species in solution, in the identified stoichiometries, are related by a series of simultaneous chemical equilibriums, SQUAD is able to determine the formation global constants of the complexes associated with the general equilibrium represented in the following:where is the complex formed from Cu(II) and Indo⁻ with charge of and their respective values of the stoichiometric coefficients and .

2.3. Theoretical Methods

To characterize the structure of the Cu(II)–Indomethacin complexes in the different stoichiometries identified in solution, each complex was minimized by means of G09 suit of programs [33] in order to obtain the most stable molecular structure. Density functional theory was applied in both the minimization procedure and the frequency calculations, which were carried out to confirm that the structure is a minimum in the corresponding gas phase Potential Energy Surfaces (PES). During the minimization of the structures, the coordination sphere of Cu(II) was completed with water molecules in all the complexes. The widely used B3LYP functional was used in all calculations; it is known that B3LYP provides molecular geometries in good agreement with experimental parameters [34]; for all of the geometry optimizations, the def-SVP basis set has been employed on all the atoms [35, 36].

3. Results and Discussion

The spectra of the complexes formed between Cu(II) and Indomethacin are dominated by the charge transfer bands of the ligand in the UV region and by the transitions of the metal in the visible region [23, 37]. The analysis of the changes in the spectra helps to follow the formation of the complexes and the determination of their stoichiometries. Note that the use of a different anion such as Cl⁻ instead of might modify the obtained results in this study, because Indomethacin is competing for gaining sites in the coordination sphere of the Cu(II) cation; Indomethacin affinity for copper needs to be higher enough to displace solvent molecules and/or the anion of the copper salt. In addition, different copper salts show different solubility and this might modify the availability of Cu(II) in solution impacting the Cu(II)-Indomethacin formation constants.

3.1. Molar Ratios: Fixed Concentration of Indo⁻ and Variable Concentration of Cu(II)

The family of absorption spectra , in the visible region, obtained with the molar ratios method, at fixed concentration of Indo⁻ and variable concentration of Cu(II) in ethanol, is shown in Figure 1. A broad absorption band with a maximum at assigned to a transition is observed from the beginning of Cu(II) addition to the Indo⁻ solution, making the formation of complexes evident since Indo⁻ solution itself does not absorb visible light. Adding more Cu(II), the absorbance of the solutions is continuously increased up to the system with . Then, the maximum absorption decreases and presents a bathochromic shift from to . The spectra corresponding to solutions in form an isosbestic point at (see the inset in Figure 1(b)). A second isosbestic point is observed in for those systems with (see Figure 1(c)). This behavior demonstrates the existence of at least one chemical equilibrium established between the Cu(II) and Indomethacin species. For solutions with , the maximum presents a bathochromic shift to , where the absorption of the Jahn-Teller-distorted free copper ion is registered and gradually increases with the excess of Cu(II) in the system.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Now, applying TRIANG to determine the number of absorbing species, with the value of transmittance error in the range , it predicts the existence of three absorbing complexes. Figure 2 shows the plot of absorbance as a function of the molar ratio at , , where . It is worth noting that about , where the formation of neutral complex 1 : 2 (Cu(II) : Indomethacin) is expected, a light turbidity was observed in the solutions, and the marked change of slope in this region would evidence the formation of species with stoichiometry 1 : 2. A second change of slope is then observed in , which corresponds to the complex of stoichiometry 2 : 2 (or 1 : 1). Given the concentration of the Cu(II) ion, it seems that the formation of dinuclear species is favored as it has been suggested in [38, 39]. In addition, when formation of dinuclear species is assumed for running SQUAD, the statistic parameters are better than those found assuming that mononuclear species are formed, as it will be discussed later. The last change of slope for this system is observed in (in the stoichiometry 2 : 1). Thus, it is noted that, having fixed the Indo⁻ concentration in all systems and adding Cu(II), the complexes 1 : 2, 2 : 2, and 2 : 1 are formed, that is, CuIndo₂, , and Cu₂Indo³⁺.

Performing the molar ratios method but now using solutions of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ in ethanol, with initial concentrations of 5 × 10⁻²M, the and curves show the same behavior of the graphics in Figures 1 and 2, respectively, which confirms the stoichiometries already obtained.

3.2. Molar Ratios: Fixed Concentration of Cu(II) and Variable Concentration of Indo⁻

The method of molar ratios was carried out conversely with Cu(II) concentration fixed to 2 × 10⁻³M in all the systems, but with Indo⁻ concentrations varying from 0 to 8 × 10⁻³M. Figure 3 displays only the absorbance spectra, , for those systems with , because systems with showed a precipitate; thus, they do not provide useful spectroscopic data for further analysis. Figure 3 shows that the first system with which has only Cu(II) has a maximum of absorbance at . Since the first addition of Indo⁻, the absorbance of the system continuously increases with a hypsochromic shift up to , where the corresponding system presents a molar ratio of equal to 1.5, which demonstrates the formation of at least one Cu(II)-Indomethacin complex.

The graph of , where , is presented in Figure 4, showing 2 intersections of the straight lines at and , implying that Cu(II)–Indomethacin complexes formed have the stoichiometries 2 : 1 and 2 : 2, Cu₂Indo³⁺ and . For , specifically in , the complex with stoichiometry 2 : 4 (Cu₂Indo₄) could be formed and would explain the observed precipitate.

Now, by using the TRIANG with a transmittance error of , it is found that there are two absorbing species in the Cu(II)-Indomethacin systems; thus, the formation of the complex with stoichiometries 2 : 1 and 2 : 2 is confirmed as shown in the graph of in Figure 4.

By performing a similar experiment in ethanol, but now with initial concentrations of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ equal to 5 × 10⁻²M, the graphics of and were obtained; they show the same behavior observed in Figures 3 and 4, confirming the stoichiometries obtained in the previous experiment.

Regarding the precipitate observed specifically in , the complex with 2 : 4 stoichiometry (Cu₂Indo₄) was suggested to be formed. For qualitative purposes, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern in the range of was obtained and compared with that published in [21] for Cu₂Indo₄(H₂O)₂ (Figure 5). Comparison shows that both compounds are isostructural and the three peaks for match reasonably well. The small differences for might arise from the different water/ethanol solvent of crystallization in the two samples. Additionally, the IR spectra of solid Indomethacin and the Cu₂Indo₄ precipitate were recorded (see Figure 6). The main difference is found in the asymmetric stretching of the carboxylate band, which is shifted to higher frequencies; it goes from 1690 to 1629 cm⁻¹ in Indomethacin and in the complex, respectively. The 1629 cm⁻¹ is comparable to the 1630 cm⁻¹ reported in [21] for Cu₂Indo₄(H₂O)₂, which indicates that the precipitate is a Cu(II) type dimer.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

3.3. Continuous Variations: Ethanol

Figure 7 shows the absorption spectra of using the method of continuous variation for the solutions in ethanol, at the concentrations of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ of 10⁻³M. = 0 corresponds to the initial system of Cu(II), and is the initial solution of Indo⁻. For best viewing, Figure 6(a) shows the spectra for the systems within and Figure 6(b) shows the spectra for systems in the range . In Figure 7(a), the system with presents maximum absorption at . As the mole fraction of Indo⁻ is increased, the mole fraction of Cu(II) is decreased and two different behaviors in the absorption spectra are observed. First, from to , the maximum of absorbance decreases as increases. Second, for the systems with between 0.348 and 0.650, the maximum of absorbance increases presenting hypsochromic displacement from 780 to 705 nm. Furthermore, an isosbestic point is observed at , which indicates that at least one chemical equilibrium is established between Cu(II) and Indo⁻.

(a)

(b)

Figure 7(b) shows the absorption spectra for values of . Here, the maximum of absorbance is centered on 705 nm and remains the same for all these systems. The system with is also shown; in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum, Indo⁻ does not absorb light.

Figure 8 shows the graph at a wavelength of 705 nm. It is observed that the experimental data can be adjusted to four straight lines. The crossings of them are located at of 0.33, 0.50, and 0.66. In , the formation of the complex 2 : 1 would be expected, but due to the low concentration of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ of 6.565 × 10⁻⁴ and 3.535 × 10⁻⁴M, respectively, it is unlikely that Cu(II) forms dimers. Thus, this intersection is indicative of the excess of Cu(II) and reflects the beginning of the formation of the 1 : 1 complex. Then, for and 0.66, the complexes 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 are formed, that is, CuIndo⁺ and CuIndo₂. Total concentrations of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ in the system where the CuIndo⁺ complex is formed are both 5.05 × 10⁻⁴M, whereas the total concentrations of Cu(II) and Indo⁻, in the system where the formation of CuIndo₂ complex is observed, are 3.535 × 10⁻⁴ and 6.565 × 10⁻⁴M, respectively.

Using a range of error transmittance of to run TRIANG, it is found that the number of species that absorb electromagnetic radiation is 2, reinforcing that two complexes are formed, as previously discussed.

3.4. Continuous Variations: Water

In Figure 9 for the sake of clarity only some of the recorded absorption spectra are shown with different value of , following the continuous variation method. Here, the Cu(II) and Indo⁻ initial concentrations in water are 10⁻⁴M. The system with is the pure Cu(II) solution; the last system with is the pure Indo⁻ solution. At such low concentration, the changes of the spectra are followed in the UV region; as increases in the system, the absorption bands are more intense.

Figure 10 displays the behavior of ; experimental data fit two straight lines with an intersection at . At this value, the complex 1 : 1 (CuIndo⁺) is formed. Note that the concentrations of Cu(II) and Indo⁻ in the mixture are equal to 5 × 10⁻⁵M.

Once the stoichiometry of the complexes has been obtained, their global formation constants can be determined by applying the computer program SQUAD; the chemical model of the system would include the formation of the species CuIndo⁺, CuIndo₂, Cu₂Indo³⁺, and . Results of the global formation constants () of the complexes Cu(II)-Indomethacin are compiled in Table 1. The values of CuIndo₂, Cu₂Indo³⁺, and were obtained using the family of spectra in Figure 1; a set of 22 spectra was fed in a range of wavelength between 540 and 900 nm. of the CuIndo⁺ complex was determined using the family of spectra of Figure 9; for doing so, 18 spectra from 220 to 355 nm were fed.

To confirm the results of SQUAD, it is desirable to build the theoretical absorption spectra; they must fit the experimental spectra well. The theoretical values of the absorbance can be derived from applying the Beer-Lambert’s law, using the molar absorptivity coefficients () for species predicted by SQUAD. Then, the concentration of each species () is determined by constructing a species distribution diagram by means of MEDUSA [30], feeding the program with the values of the equilibrium constants refined by SQUAD. MEDUSA provides the mole fractions of the species present in the system, which are then used to determine the corresponding concentrations. With the values of and and the optical pass length, the absorbance values are calculated at different wavelengths. Finally, the theoretical absorption spectra are constructed; if these fit the experimental data well, the values of the constants of equilibrium that refines SQUAD are validated.

The experiment where the concentration of Indo⁻ remains fixed to 2 × 10⁻³ M and the concentration of Cu(II) varies (Figure 1) was chosen to illustrate the reconstruction of the spectra from the SQUAD-calculated formation constants. Figure 11 shows the diagram of distribution of species; the formation of CuIndo₂ can be observed just after a small amount of Cu(II) is added to Indo⁻. When Cu(II) is added in an amount equal to half of the amount of Indo⁻, the mole fraction of CuIndo₂ decreases, and at the same time and Cu₂Indo³⁺ species begin to be formed; at this point, the relative predominance of the species is CuIndo₂ > > Cu₂Indo³⁺. Subsequently, when an amount of Cu(II) is equal to the Indo⁻, the and Cu₂Indo³⁺ complexes have the same mole fraction and, in consequence, the same concentration, while CuIndo₂ begins to decline significantly.

The molar absorptivity coefficients of Cu₂Indo³⁺, , and CuIndo₂ calculated by SQUAD are shown in Figure 12; the molar absorptivity coefficient of Cu(II) is also shown, since this ion is also absorbed in the visible region.

Finally, Figure 13 illustrates that the theoretical spectra (continuous line) calculated with the data provided by SQUAD fit the experimental data (markers) well; this confirms that the proposed species in solution and their formation constants as determined by SQUAD for the Cu(II)-Indomethacin system are correct.

3.5. Molecular Structure Models

The molecular structures of the Cu(II)-Indomethacin species formed in solution were characterized by means of theoretical calculations in gas phase to reduce computational costs, obtaining the chelation by the Indo⁻ ligand with Cu(II) ion as shown in Figure 14.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Molecule models in the stoichiometry 1 : 1 with 2, 3, and 4 water molecules in the first sphere of coordination of Cu(II) were optimized, resulting in the fact that the only molecule with a square geometry for Cu(II) is [CuIndo(H₂O)₂]⁺, the angle between the atoms of O–C–O of the carboxylate is 118.79°, and the angle between ring planes (indole and chlorobenzene) is 47.98° (Figure 14(a)).

The dinuclear complex with stoichiometry 2 : 1 was modeled with 2 molecules of water in the stoichiometry [Cu₂Indo(H₂O)₄]³⁺ resulting in a square planar geometry for one of the copper centers and a seesaw with 4 atoms around to the other Cu(II) atom; the Cu(II)–Cu(II) bond distance is 2.72 Å, the angle between the atoms of O–C–O of the carboxylate is 125.29°, and the angle between planes is 50.27° (Figure 14(b)).

The molecular structure that was determined for the complex with stoichiometry 2 : 2, [Cu₂Indo₂(H₂O)₂]²⁺, presented a square geometry for each of Cu(II) atoms in the same plane; the first coordination sphere is completed with two water molecules in such a way that each one of them joins a Cu(II) atom. The angles between O–C–O atoms of the 2 carboxylates are 124.91°, and the average angle between planes of both Indomethacin ligands is 49.72° (Figure 14(c)).

The distances of Cu(II)–Cu(II) complexes with stoichiometries 2 : 1 and 2 : 2 are 2.72 Å and 2.51 Å, respectively, confirming the statement by Weder et al. [9]. Finally, the 1 : 2 complex was optimized with 2 water molecules to give place to the complex [CuIndo₂(H₂O)₂], the average angle between the O–C–O atoms of the carboxylate of both Indomethacin groups is 119.03°, and the average angle between planes of both Indomethacin ligands is 56.58°. The molecular geometry of Cu(II) for this complex is octahedral (Figure 14(d)).

4. Conclusions

From the UV-Vis spectra and molar ratios and continuous variations methods, it was determined that the formed complexes between Cu(II) and Indomethacin have stoichiometric ratio 1 : 1 (in water) and 1 : 2, 2 : 1, and 2 : 2 (in ethanol); these complexes are CuIndo⁺, CuIndo₂, Cu₂Indo³⁺, and , respectively. The dimeric species of Cu(II) are formed for Cu(II) concentrations of 10⁻³ M or higher. The Cu₂Indo₄ precipitates and was characterized by its X-ray powder diffraction patterns and its IR spectrum.

The values of the global formation constants () obtained with SQUAD for the four identified complexes are , , , and , respectively. To accept and verify that these results are valid, theoretical absorption spectra with experimental spectra were compared; the observed overlap indicates a good fit between them, which supports the reproducibility of the experiment. To calculate the theoretical absorbance, the Beer-Lambert law and law of absorbance additivity were applied using molar absorptivity coefficients provided by SQUAD in their output and the molar fractions provided by MEDUSA which are used to determine the concentration of each species in the system.

Through the density functional theory (DFT), molecular geometries of the first solvation sphere of the complexes determined experimentally were proposed. To determine these structures, modeling was performed with water molecules in the first solvation sphere. It was determined that the atoms of Cu(II) in the complexes with stoichiometries 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 2 : 2 are stable with a coordination number of 4 obtaining a square geometry, while, for the 1 : 2 complex, the atom of Cu(II) prefers a coordination number of 6, acquiring an octahedral geometry. The chemical formula of each modeled complex between Cu(II) and Indomethacin is [CuIndo(H₂O)₂]⁺, [Cu₂Indo(H₂O)₄]³⁺, [Cu₂Indo₂(H₂O)₂]²⁺, and [CuIndo₂(H₂O)₂].

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

Norma Rodríguez-Laguna wants to acknowledge DGAPA-UNAM and IUM-FESC for the postdoctoral fellowship. Luis I. Reyes-García acknowledges CONACyT for the Ph.D. scholarship. The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time provided by DGTIC-UNAM. This research was conducted under Grants PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM IN222914 and PIAPI FESC-UNAM C23.

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Copyright © 2016 Norma Rodríguez-Laguna et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Journal of Chemistry

Chemical Speciation of the System Cu(II)-Indomethacin in Ethanol and Water by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Section

2.1.1. Reagents and Equipment

2.2. Methodology

2.2.1. Molar Ratios

2.2.2. Continuous Variations

2.3. Theoretical Methods

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Molar Ratios: Fixed Concentration of Indo− and Variable Concentration of Cu(II)

3.2. Molar Ratios: Fixed Concentration of Cu(II) and Variable Concentration of Indo−

3.3. Continuous Variations: Ethanol

3.4. Continuous Variations: Water

3.5. Molecular Structure Models

4. Conclusions

Competing Interests

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

3.1. Molar Ratios: Fixed Concentration of Indo⁻ and Variable Concentration of Cu(II)

3.2. Molar Ratios: Fixed Concentration of Cu(II) and Variable Concentration of Indo⁻