Novel Synthetic Monothiourea Aspirin Derivatives Bearing Alkylated Amines as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Nordin, Norsyafikah Asyilla; Chai, Tchan Wei; Tan, Bee Ling; Choi, Ching Liang; Abd Halim, Ainaa Nadiah; Hussain, Hasnain; Ngaini, Zainab

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2378186

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Experimental Conclusion Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 2378186 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2378186

Novel Synthetic Monothiourea Aspirin Derivatives Bearing Alkylated Amines as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Norsyafikah Asyilla Nordin,¹Tchan Wei Chai,¹Bee Ling Tan,¹Ching Liang Choi,¹Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim,¹Hasnain Hussain,²and Zainab Ngaini¹

Academic Editor: Artur M. S. Silva

Received19 Aug 2016

Revised04 Nov 2016

Accepted05 Dec 2016

Published22 Jan 2017

Abstract

A new series of aspirin bearing alkylated amines moieties 1–12 were synthesised by reacting isothiocyanate with a series of aniline derivatives in overall yield of 16–56%. The proposed structures of all the synthesised compounds were confirmed using elemental analysis, FTIR, and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. All compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus via turbidimetric kinetic and Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Compound 5 bearing meta -CH₃ substituent showed the highest relative inhibition zone diameter against tested bacteria compared to ortho and para substituent. Furthermore, aspirin derivatives bearing shorter chains exhibited better bacterial inhibition than longer alkyl chains.

1. Introduction

Over the centuries many antibacterial drugs were used to treat bacterial-causing diseases including food poisoning, pneumonia and intestinal infection [1, 2]. The improper usage of these drugs has caused the bacteria to evolve into drug resistant bacteria which reduce the effectiveness of the drugs [3]. The continuing development of new antimicrobial agents therefore remains a priority [1].

Aspirin is a widely used medicine for antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory [4]. The demand of aspirin and its derivatives for other biological properties is increasing due to its availability and reactivity as precursor for further modification via corresponding carboxyl group [5]. Aspirin derivatives have shown antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [6, 7]. Other significant biological properties of aspirin derivatives are reported for antitumor, anticancer, antifungal, and antimicrobial agents [5, 7–9].

We have previously reported on aspirin with thiourea moieties bearing amino acid and aromatic amines with excellent antibacterial properties. The lipophilicity of the aromatic ring has contributed to the enhancement of the biological activities [5]. Thiourea is a type of reactive precursor due to the presence of C=S, C=O, and NH moieties which are essential in biological activities [10]. Several biological activities reported on thiourea are antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antitubercular, antimicrobial, and anti-HIV activities [11–17]. The synthesis of thiourea derivatives has also received great attraction due to their diverse application such as in textile processing and heavy metals extraction as chelating agent and agriculture as plant growth regulator [18–20].

2. Results and Discussion

Aspirin derivatives 1–12 with aryl side chain bearing alkyl substituents were prepared from the reaction of acetoxybenzoyl isothiocyanate with a series of commercially available methyl and methoxy anilines and alkylated anilines prepared via Williamson etherification. A general synthesis of 1–12 is depicted in Scheme 1. Characteristic spectroscopic data of the synthesised compounds are provided in the supplementary data in Supplementary Material available online at https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2378186. Aspirin was added to oxalyl chloride solution in dichloromethane followed by addition of few drops of dimethylformamide [21]. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and added dropwise to KSCN in dry acetone to form KCl and filtered [5]. Aniline derivatives in dry acetone were then added to the filtrate and refluxed for 4 h. Crushed ice was added to the mixture to form precipitate. The crude was recrystallised in ethanol to obtain 1–12 in moderate yields (16–56%). The synthesis of thiourea could form urethane as side product which contributed to the low product yield [22]. The structures of all the synthesised compounds were elucidated using elemental analysis, FTIR, and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

The FTIR spectra of 1–12 showed absorption bands at 3375–3213 cm⁻¹ attributed to v(N-H), while peaks corresponding to long alkyl chain were observed at 2933–2843 cm⁻¹. The successful formations of 1–12 were supported by the disappearance of peak at 2000 cm⁻¹ resulting from the conversion of -NCS to -NH. The absorption peaks at 1791–1760 cm⁻¹ and 1675–1611 cm⁻¹ were attributed to v(C=O) ester and v(C=O) amide, respectively. The aryl groups were observed at 1528–1500 cm⁻¹. The presence of v(C-N) and v(C=S) was indicated by the absorption band at 1089–1125 cm⁻¹ and 890–810 cm⁻¹, respectively [16].

¹H NMR spectra of 1–12 showed the presence of methyl groups at 0.83–2.33 ppm, whereas the methoxy groups were observed at 3.72–3.96 ppm due to the electronegativity of oxygen attached to the carbon [23]. The resonance peaks at 6.42–8.50 ppm were assigned to the aryl groups. The peaks at 11.53–11.65 ppm and 11.96–12.90 ppm corresponded to CSNH and CONH, respectively. The deshielding effect of electron-withdrawing carbonyl group and thiocarbonyl group has shifted the signal to downfield region [24]. In ¹³C NMR, methyl substituents were represented at 13.9–31.9 ppm, while the methoxy group were deshielded at 55.4–68.2 ppm due to the electronegativity of oxygen [23]. The presence of peaks at 98.3 and 160.3 ppm was attributed to aromatic carbons, whereas C=O ester, C=O amide, and C=S were indicated by the signals at 164.2–166.7 ppm, 168.3–169.1 ppm, and 176.9–180.0 ppm, respectively. Thiocarbonyl and carbonyl group appeared at higher chemical shift due to formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and different environment and conformations [23, 25].

Prior to the synthesis of 9–12, 13–16 were prepared as precursors via Williamson etherification of 4-hydroxyl acetanilide with bromoalkanes in the presence of K₂CO₃ in dry acetone. The mixture was refluxed for 48 h to obtain white precipitate and hydrolysed in ethanol-HCl (1 : 1) to form 13–16 (Scheme 2) [26–28]. Spectroscopy analysis showed that all peaks corresponded to the proposed structure.

Antibacterial activities of 1–12 were initially performed against E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus S48/81 via turbidimetric kinetic method [5]. All compounds experienced solubility limitation in the assays media which hindered the inhibition studies. Alternatively, disc diffusion method was performed on 1–12 [29]. Ampicillin (positive control) was used as standard drug, while dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as negative control with aspirin as a reference. The antibacterial activities of 1–12 are shown in Table 1. The inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus was calculated via inhibition zone of 1–12 in comparison to the inhibition zone of ampicillin. The inhibition zones of all compounds are provided in the supplementary data.

In comparison to aspirin, 1–12 showed moderate to good activities towards the growth of E. coli, except 4, 6, and 10–12. The presence of C=O, C=S, and NH groups is envisaged to contribute to the antibacterial activities and formed interaction with the carboxyl and phosphate group of the bacterial surface [10]. The location and type of substituents in the compounds contribute to the inhibition activities. Compound 5 with meta substituted -CH₃ gave better inhibition to the bacterial growth with the highest percentage relative inhibition zone diameter (66.9%). Compounds 1–3, 7, and 8 with disubstituted methyl and methoxy group showed lower inhibition based on zone diameter percentage (45.6–65.6%). The presence of methyl and methoxy groups has induced steric repulsion and decreased the activities. The steric hindrance at both ortho positions in the phenyl group affected the efficacy of antibacterial effect which explained that E. coli was insusceptible to 4 [30]. The presence of bulky methoxy substituents at ortho position in 6 prevented the compound to act on the active sites of the bacteria [31]. The introduction of shorter alkyl chain, (9), afforded moderate activity, while no activity was observed for 10–12 with –14. The longer alkyl chain, which is similar to the component of the cell wall, decreased the penetration onto the cell membrane [32]. This also suggested that shorter alkyl chain as in 9 is the optimum length for bacterial inhibition [27].

Antibacterial activities were also demonstrated against S. aureus. Compound 5 gave better inhibition than that of the standard drug (ampicillin), while 1, 2, 7, and 8 showed 72.7–97.3% inhibition. The presence of a methyl substituent at meta position in 5 gave better penetration into the bacterial cell wall via suitable binding [33]. On the other hand, no activity was observed for 3, 4, 6, and 9–12. Growth inhibition on S. aureus is lesser compared to E. coli because S. aureus has thicker cell wall that causes ineffectiveness in membrane penetration [34].

3. Experimental

Aspirin, oxalyl chloride, potassium thiocyanate, 2,3-dimethylaniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 2,5-dimethylaniline, 2,6-dimethylaniline, 2-toluidine, 2,5-dimethoxyaniline, 3,4-dimethoxyaniline, 3,5-dimethoxyaniline, 4-hydroxyl acetanilide, and 1-bromoalkanes were obtained from Merck. All other reagents were used without further purification; nevertheless the acetone was distilled before being used.

Melting points were determined on Stuart SMP3 using open tube capillary method. FTIR spectra (v/cm⁻¹) were recorded as KBr pellets on Perkin Elmer 1605 FTIR Spectrophotometer. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra were recorded on JEOL ECA 500 at 500 MHz (¹H) and 125 MHz (¹³C) with the chemical shift reported relative to DMSO-d₆ and CDCl₃ as the standard reference and chemical shift values were expressed in δ ppm.

3.1. General Procedure for the Preparation of Aspirin Bearing Alkylated Amines (1–12)

Aspirin (2 mmol) was added to oxalyl chloride solution in dichloromethane followed by addition of few drops of dimethylformamide. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and was added dropwise to KSCN (2 mmol) in dry acetone (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature to form precipitate and it was filtered to remove the solid. Aryl amine (2 mmol) in 10 mL of dry acetone was then added to the filtrate and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was transferred into a beaker and crushed ice was added to it. The solid formed was recrystallised in ethanol to obtain 1–12. Supplementary data for FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectra of the synthesised compounds are available online.

[2-[(2,3-Dimethylphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (1). Compound 1 was obtained as a white solid. Yield: 0.2786 g (41%); m.p. 133–136°C; (Found: C, 62.88; H, 5.30; N, 7.96. C₁₈H₁₈O₃N₂S Requires C, 63.14; H, 5.30; N, 8.18%); v 3213 (N-H), 1760 (C=O ester), 1673 (C=O amide), 1525 (Ar-C), 1188 (C-N), 876 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 1.90 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.19 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.26 (3H, s, CH₃), 7.03–7.97 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.65 (1H, s, NH), 12.22 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 13.9 (CH₃), 20.1 (CH₃), 20.8 (CH₃), 123.2, 124.9, 125.6, 126.1, 126.8, 128.8, 130.0, 132.5, 133.3, 136.8, 137.4, 148.2 (Ar-C), 166.6 (C=O), 169.0 (C=O) and 180.0 (C=S).

[2-[(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (2). Compound 2 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0. 1117 g (16%); m.p. 115–118°C; (Found: C, 63.00; H, 5.10; N, 7.88. C₁₈H₁₈O₃N₂S Requires C, 63.14; H, 5.30; N, 8.18%); v 3381 (N-H), 1775 (C=O ester), 1663 (C=O amide), 1523 (Ar-C), 1189 (C-N), 810 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 2.20 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.29 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 7.04–7.73 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.62 (1H, s, NH), 11.96 (1H, s, NH) (DMSO-d₆) 17.5 (CH₃), 20.6 (CH₃), 20.8 (CH₃), 123.2, 126.0, 126.5, 126.8, 130.0, 131.0, 133.2, 133.3, 134.3, 136.5, 148.2 (Ar-C), 166.6 (C=O), 169.0 (C=O) and 179.7 (C=S).

[2-[(2,5-Dimethylphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (3). Compound 3 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.2620 g (38%); m.p. 119–122°C; (Found: C, 63.10; H, 5.45; N, 8.02. C₁₈H₁₈O₃N₂S Requires C, 63.14; H, 5.30; N, 8.18%); v 3352 (N-H), 1773 (C=O ester), 1663 (C=O amide), 1524 (Ar-C), 1150 (C-N), 890 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 1.90 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.19 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.26 (3H, s, CH₃), 7.03–7.97 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.65 (1H, s, NH), 12.22 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 17.2 (CH₃), 20.6 (CH₃), 20.8 (CH₃), 123.3, 126.1, 126.8, 127.1, 128.0, 130.1, 130.4, 131.4, 133.4, 135.5, 136.7, 148.3 (Ar-C), 166.7 (C=O), 169.1 (C=O) and 179.6 (C=S).

[2-[(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (4). Compound 4 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.3230 g (47%); m.p. 166–169°C; (Found: C, 62.77; H, 5.11; N, 8.00. C₁₈H₁₈O₃N₂S Requires C, 63.14; H, 5.30; N, 8.18%); v 3386 (N-H), 1784 (C=O ester), 1675 (C=O amide), 1504 (Ar-C), 1176 (C-N), 853 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 2.19 (6H, s, 2CH₃), 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 7.12–7.75 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.64 (2H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 17.7 (CH₃), 20.7 (CH₃), 123.0, 126.0, 127.0, 127.5, 128.0, 129.9, 133.2, 135.1, 136.2, 148.1 (Ar-C), 166.4 (C=O), 168.9 (C=O) and 179.9 (C=S).

[2-[(3-Methylphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (5). Compound 5 was obtained as yellow solid. Yield: 0.1177 g (46%); m.p 179–181°C; (Found: C, 62.11; H, 4.61; N, 8.28. C₁₇H₁₆O₃N₂S Requires C, 62.18; H, 4.91; N, 8.53%); v 3382 (N-H), 1778 (C=O ester), 1660 (C=O amide), 1500 (Ar-C), 1079 (C-N), 863 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 2.32 (3H, s, CH₃), 2.33 (3H, s, CH₃), 7.08–7.73 (8H, m, Ar-H), 11.60 (1H, s, NH), 12.34 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 20.7 (CH₃), 20.9 (CH₃), 121.3, 123.2, 124.6, 126.6, 127.0, 125.8, 128.5, 130.0, 133.1, 137.7, 138.1, 148.2 (Ar-C), 166.5 (C=O), 168.8 (C=O) and 178.5 (C=S).

[2-[(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (6). Compound 6 was obtained as light green solid. Yield: 0.1739 g (23%); m.p. 185-186°C; (Found: C, 57.60; H, 4.40; N, 7.48. C₁₈H₁₈O₅N₂S Requires C, 57.74; H, 4.85; N, 7.48%); v 3384 (N-H), 1777 (C=O ester), 1611 (C=O amide), 1500 (Ar-C), 1067 (C-N), 821 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.72 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.84 (3H, s, OCH₃), 7.06–8.50 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.62 (1H, s, NH), 12.90 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 20.7 (CH₃), 55.5 (OCH₃), 56.6 (OCH₃), 108.9, 110.5, 112.1, 123.1, 125.9, 126.5, 127.6, 130.1, 133.2, 144.3, 148.2, 152.4 (Ar-C), 166.5 (C=O), 168.8 (C=O) and 177.0 (C=S).

[2-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (7). Compound 7 was obtained as dark green solid. Yield: 0.1801 g (24%); m.p. 182–184°C; (Found: C, 57.25; H, 4.62; N, 7.42. C₁₈H₁₈O₅N₂S Requires C, 57.74; H, 4.85; N, 7.48%); v 3367 (N-H), 1791 (C=O ester), 1670 (C=O amide), 1500 (Ar-C), 1025 (C-N), 850 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 2.32 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.75 (3H, s, OCH₃), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH₃), 6.97–7.41 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.53 (1H, s, NH), 12.24 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 20.8 (CH₃), 55.7 (CH₃), 108.9, 111.5, 116.6, 123.4, 126.0, 126.7, 130.1, 130.9, 133.3, 147.2, 148.3, 148.4 (Ar-C), 166.5 (C=O), 169.0 (C=O) and 178.4 (C=S).

[2-[(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)carbamothioylcarbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (8). Compound 8 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.4190 g (56%), m.p. 177–179°C; (Found: C, 57.55; H, 4.94; N, 7.61. C₁₈H₁₈O₅N₂S Requires C, 57.74; H, 4.85; N, 7.48%); v 3382 (N-H), 1778 (C=O ester), 1660 (C=O amide), 1528 (Ar-C), 1080 (C-N), 864 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.75 (6H, s, 2OCH₃), 6.42–7.74 (7H, m, Ar-H), 11.58 (1H, s, NH), 12.35 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 20.8 (CH₃), 55.4 (2OCH₃), 98.3, 102.1, 123.3, 125.9, 126.6, 130.1, 133.2, 139.4, 148.2, 160.3 (Ar-C), 166.4 (C=O), 168.9 (C=O) and 178.2 (C=S).

[2-[((4-(Hexyloxy)phenyl)carbamothioyl)carbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (9). Compound 9 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.2070 g (55%), m.p. 112–119°C; (Found: C, 63.68; H, 6.15; N, 6.91. C₂₂H₂₆O₄N₂S Requires C, 63.75; H, 6.32; N, 6.76%); v 3372 (N-H), 2933–2856 (C-H alkyl), 1775 (C=O ester), 1663 (C=O amide), 1527 (Ar-C), 1106 (C-N), 829 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 0.87 (3H, t, Hz, CH₃), 1.31–1.70 (8H, m, CH₂), 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.96 (2H, t, Hz, OCH₂), 6.96–7.73 (8H, m, Ar-H), 11.54 (1H, s, NH), 12.18 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 14.0, 20.8, 22.1, 25.2, 28.7, 31.0 (C-H alkyl), 67.7 (OCH₂), 114.3, 123.3, 126.0, 126.7, 130.1, 130.6, 133.2, 148.3, 157.0 (Ar-C), 166.5 (C=O), 169.0 (C=O) and 178.7 (C=S).

[2-[((4-(Decyloxy)phenyl)carbamothioyl)carbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (10). Compound 10 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.2400 (51%), m.p. 116–121°C; (Found: C, 66.13; H, 7.44; N, 5.90. C₂₆H₃₄O₄N₂S Requires C, 66.35; H, 7.28; N, 5.95%); v 3374 (N-H), 2923–2849 (C-H alkyl), 1771 (C=O ester), 1664 (C=O amide), 1510 (Ar-C), 1111 (C-N), 826 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 0.85 (3H, t, Hz, CH₃), 1.31–1.70 (16H, m, CH₂), 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.96 (2H, t, Hz, OCH₂), 6.95–7.73 (8H, m, Ar-H), 11.55 (1H, s, NH), 12.19 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 14.0, 20.8, 22.1, 25.5, 28.8, 31.3 (C-H alkyl), 67.6 (OCH₂), 114.3, 123.3, 125.9, 126.6, 130.1, 130.6, 133.2, 148.2, 156.9 (Ar-C), 166.4 (C=O), 168.9 (C=O) and 178.6 (C=S).

[2-[((4-(Dodecyloxy)phenyl)carbamothioyl)carbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (11). Compound 11 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.2520 (51%), m.p. 121–124°C; (Found: C, 67.21; H, 7.74; N, 5.52. C₂₈H₃₈O₄N₂S Requires C, 67.44; H, 7.68; N, 5.62%); v 3374 (N-H), 2923–2843 (C-H alkyl), 1771 (C=O ester), 1664 (C=O amide), 1510 (Ar-C), 1114 (C-N), 825 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 0.84 (3H, t, Hz, CH₃), 1.28–1.68 (20H, m, CH₂), 2.31 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.96 (2H, t, Hz, OCH₂), 6.94–7.73 (8H, m, Ar-H), 11.55 (1H, s, NH), 12.20 (1H, s, NH). (DMSO-d₆) 14.0, 20.8, 22.1, 25.5, 28.8, 31.3 (C-H alkyl), 67.6 (OCH₂), 114.3, 123.3, 125.8, 126.6, 130.0, 130.5, 133.1, 148.2, 156.9 (Ar-C), 166.4 (C=O), 168.9 (C=O) and 178.6 (C=S).

[2-[((4-(Tetradecyloxy)phenyl)carbamothioyl)carbamoyl]phenyl] Acetate (12). Compound 12 was obtained as yellowish white solid. Yield: 0.1240 (47%), m.p. 125–131°C; (Found: C, 68.08; H, 8.23; N, 5.31. C₃₀H₄₂O₄N₂S Requires C, 68.41; H, 8.04; N, 5.32%); v 3375 (N-H), 2923–2849 (C-H alkyl), 1771 (C=O ester), 1663 (C=O amide), 1510 (Ar-C), 1111 (C-N), 825 (C=S). (DMSO-d₆) 0.83 (3H, t, Hz, CH₃), 1.22–1.69 (24H, m, CH₂), 2.30 (3H, s, CH₃), 3.95 (2H, t, Hz, OCH₂), 6.94–7.71 (8H, m, Ar-H), 11.53 (1H, s, NH), 12.18 (1H, s, NH). (CDCl₃) 14.1, 21.3, 22.7, 26.0, 29.6, 31.9 (C-H alkyl), 68.2 (OCH₂), 114.6, 123.9, 124.2, 125.7, 126.8, 130.2, 131.4, 134.4, 148.4, 157.9 (Ar-C), 164.2 (C=O), 168.3 (C=O) and 178.3 (C=S).

3.2. General Procedure for the Preparation of Alkylated Amines (13–16)

4-Hydroxyl acetanilide (3 mmol) was added to bromoalkanes (3 mmol) in the presence of K₂CO₃ (3 mmol) in dry acetone (20 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 48 h to obtain white precipitate. Sodium hydroxide (2%, 50 mL) was added and the solid was filtered. The white solid was refluxed for 4 h in solution of ethanol-HCl (1 : 1) and extracted using dichloromethane. The organic layer was separated and dried to form 13–16. Supplementary data for FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectra of the synthesised compounds are available online.

4-Hexoxyaniline (13). Compound 13 was obtained as a white crystals. Yield: 1.828 g (75%); m.p. 230–237°C; v 3408 (N-H), 2934–2866 (-CH), 1517 (Ar-C), 1129 (C-N). (DMSO-d₆) 0.86 (3H, t, Hz, -CH₃), 1.29–1.69 (8H, m, -CH₂), 3.87 (2H, t, Hz, -OCH₂), 6.84 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 6.91 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H). (DMSO-d₆) 13.9, 22.1, 25.2, 28.7, 31.0 (C-H alkyl), 67.9 (OCH₂), 115.4, 120.0, 132.4 and 154.4 (Ar-C).

4-Decoxyaniline (14). Compound 14 was obtained as a white crystals. Yield: 2.235 g (80%); m.p. 235–244°C; v 3427 (N-H), 2921–2849 (-CH), 1513 (Ar-C), 1171 (C-N). (DMSO-d₆) 0.84 (3H, t, Hz, -CH₃), 1.29–1.70 (16H, m, -CH₂), 3.93 (2H, t, Hz, -OCH₂), 6.99 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 7.27 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 10.15 (2H, s, -NH₂). (DMSO-d₆) 14.1, 22.7, 26.0, 29.5, 31.9 (C-H alkyl), 68.2 (OCH₂), 115.2, 122.3, 124.5 and 159.0 (Ar-C).

4-Dodecoxyaniline (15). Compound 15 was obtained as a white crystals. Yield: 3.050 g (87%); m.p. 237–247°C; v 3434 (N-H), 2920–2853 (-CH), 1511 (Ar-C), 1171 (C-N). (DMSO-d₆) 0.83 (3H, t, Hz, -CH₃), 1.23–1.71 (20H, m, -CH₂), 3.93 (2H, t, Hz, -OCH₂), 6.99 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 7.30 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 10.27 (2H, s, -NH₂). (DMSO-d₆) 14.0, 22.1, 25.5, 28.8, 31.3 (C-H alkyl), 67.8 (OCH₂), 115.3, 124.1, 124.4 and 158.1 (Ar-C).

4-Tetradecoxyaniline (16). Compound 16 was obtained as a white crystals. Yield: 2.137 g (50%); m.p. 239–248°C; v 3410 (N-H), 2919–2853 (-CH), 1512 (Ar-C), 1171 (C-N). (DMSO-d₆) 0.83 (3H, t, Hz, -CH₃), 1.23–1.71 (24H, m, -CH₂), 3.94 (2H, t, Hz, -OCH₂), 7.00 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 7.30 (2H, d, Hz, Ar-H), 10.21 (2H, s, -NH₂). (DMSO-d₆) 13.9, 22.1, 25.2, 28.7, 31.0 (C-H alkyl), 67.9 (OCH₂), 115.4, 120.0, 132.4 and 154.4 (Ar-C).

3.3. Antibacterial Studies

3.3.1. Turbidimetric Kinetic Method

The antibacterial activities of the synthesised compounds were initially studied using turbidimetric kinetic method against E. coli bacteria ATCC 25922 and S. aureus S48/81. The inoculums were allowed to grow at 37°C with permanent stirring at 150 rpm overnight in Luria-Bertani broth. 0.2 mL of inoculums was inoculated with 10 mL of culture medium at increasing concentration of the compounds (50, 80, and 100 ppm) dissolved in DMSO. The mixtures were shaken at 150 rpm at 37°C. The inoculum with only DMSO mixture was used as control. The aliquots of each replicate were taken at 1 h interval for 6 h. UV/Visible spectrometer Optima SP-300 was used to analyse the amount of transmittance (). The antibacterial activities of the compounds were determined from the graph as versus time. is related to the number of colony forming units/mL. The values were calculated based on the formula of = 27.1–8.56 (E. coli) and = 27.4–10.3 (S. aureus) [35].

3.3.2. Disc Diffusion Method

Disc diffusion method was used due to the insolubility of compounds in medium. E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus S48/81 were used as inoculum where they were cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth and incubated at 37°C with permanent shaking at 150 rpm overnight. The bacterial suspension was then inoculated onto the entire surface of a Mueller-Hinton agar plate with a sterile cotton-tipped swab to form an even lawn. Sterile filter paper disc impregnated with 10 μL of the compound in DMSO was placed on the surface of agar plate using a sterile pair of forceps. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimetre (mm) to estimate the potency of the test compounds [29].

4. Conclusion

A series of aspirin derivatives 1–12 with various types of carbon substituents were successfully synthesised and demonstrated against E. coli and S. aureus. The compounds showed moderate to excellent antibacterial activities compared to aspirin alone. The substituents at meta position gave better activity compared to ortho and para position. Aspirin derivative with shorter chain length showed moderate activity, compared to the longer alkyl chain. The properties of the substituents have contributed to the activities and potential usage in pharmaceutical industries.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and Malaysia Ministry of Education for Research Funds FRGS/ST01(02)/968/2013(09) and FRGS/ST02(01)/1115/2014 (01).

Supplementary Materials

The supplementary material file contains FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the synthesized compounds and inhibition zones for antibacterial studies.

Supplementary Material

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Copyright © 2017 Norsyafikah Asyilla Nordin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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