Chemical Characterization of Major and Minor Compounds of Nut Oils: Almond, Hazelnut, and Pecan Nut
Table 3
Minor compounds of sweet almond, hazelnut, and pecan nut oil samples: desmethyl-, methyl-, and dimethylsterols, terpenic alcohols, squalene, aliphatic alcohols, and tocopherols.
Sample
Ext. sweet almond oil
Com. sweet almond oil
Ext. hazelnut oil
Com. hazelnut oil
Extr. pecan nut oil
Com. pecan nut oil
Desmethylsterols % area
Cholesterol
0.25
0.03
0.13
0.02
0.22
0.01
0.18
0.01
0.35
0.06
0.16
0.01
Brassicasterol
ND
—
0.06
0.03
ND
—
ND
—
ND
—
ND
—
24-Methylene-cholesterol
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.00
ND
—
ND
—
0.29
0.00
0.30
0.01
Campesterol
2.46
0.02
2.53
0.02
5.21
0.04
4.85
0.02
4.45
0.00
4.16
0.03
Campestanol
0.13
0.04
0.09
0.01
0.39
0.01
0.26
0.01
0.09
0.00
0.12
0.06
Stigmasterol
0.91
0.00
0.86
0.01
0.91
0.01
0.88
0.03
0.90
0.01
0.86
0.01
Δ7-Campesterol
0.78
0.47
0.83
0.00
ND
—
ND
—
ND
—
ND
—
Δ5,23-Stigmastadienol + Clerosterol
1.40
0.05
1.37
0.00
0.96
0.02
0.81
0.03
0.89
0.04
1.06
0.00
β-Sitosterol
77.42
0.37
77.28
0.13
81.39
0.03
81.79
0.03
75.51
0.09
74.86
0.01
Sitostanol
1.91
0.09
1.52
0.04
3.54
0.09
2.55
0.03
0.57
0.05
0.36
0.01
Δ5-Avenasterol
9.89
0.03
9.93
0.04
4.37
0.04
5.44
0.03
14.94
0.03
15.81
0.09
Δ5,24-Stigmastadienol
1.48
0.02
1.64
0.04
0.83
0.02
1.02
0.02
1.07
0.00
1.27
0.03
Δ7-Stigamasterol
1.94
0.04
2.30
0.00
1.45
0.04
1.32
0.04
0.24
0.01
0.40
0.00
Δ7-Avenasterol
1.39
0.03
1.44
0.01
0.73
0.01
0.89
0.01
0.69
0.01
0.65
0.00
Total mg⋅kg−1
2870.48
29.24
2804.31
21.85
1787.82
2.94
1807.72
5.28
1791.44
14.58
1746.01
3.21
Methylsterols % area
Obtusifoliol
26.57
0.35
28.81
0.17
18.53
0.30
14.39
0.67
6.82
0.17
6.48
0.15
Gramisterol
13.46
0.16
12.18
0.58
6.72
1.28
5.83
0.24
13.88
0.25
8.98
0.02
Citrostadienol
59.96
0.00
59.02
1.22
74.75
1.11
79.78
1.85
79.31
0.15
84.54
0.56
Total mg⋅kg−1
29.73
0.57
33.86
0.65
43.09
0.10
39.85
0.40
110.78
2.76
111.09
2.81
Dimethylsterols % area
Dammaradienol
7.44
0.66
6.37
0.68
2.05
0.32
3.04
0.55
0.17
0.02
0.56
0.01
Taraxerol
4.55
0.30
3.90
0.62
9.38
0.48
9.02
0.46
2.15
0.24
3.06
0.11
Amyrin
24.97
1.01
6.89
1.22
5.13
0.39
5.61
0.10
3.76
0.17
3.62
0.07
Butyrospermol
ND
—
ND
—
29.37
0.20
28.21
0.68
6.15
0.02
1.55
0.04
Cycloartenol
11.91
0.24
18.67
1.48
7.49
0.41
8.19
0.12
78.69
0.03
75.58
0.31
24-Methylencycloartanol
51.13
0.42
64.18
1.41
46.58
0.45
45.94
0.81
9.08
0.05
15.64
0.08
Total mg⋅kg−1
28.35
4.16
32.57
2.55
29.20
0.45
26.11
1.43
214.69
11.51
192.51
1.28
Squalene mg⋅kg−1
96.43
0.59
113.11
5.37
340.05
1.39
431.72
5.34
298.83
5.10
320.81
1.63
Terpenic alcohols % area
Phytol
71.65
0.09
73.00
1.26
49.58
7.04
55.66
1.04
70.68
1.01
44.60
1.15
Geranylgeraniol
28.35
0.09
27.00
1.26
50.42
7.04
44.34
1.04
29.32
1.01
55.40
1.15
Total mg⋅kg−1
9.74
0.36
9.61
0.63
26.54
4.06
20.37
2.42
66.57
0.65
36.64
0.12
Aliphatic alcohols % area
C22-OH
23.13
0.62
11.29
2.05
3.71
0.57
8.30
0.67
8.56
0.31
15.91
0.60
C23-OH
2.56
0.24
1.46
0.34
ND
—
ND
—
ND
—
ND
—
C24-OH
29.66
0.90
19.29
6.26
20.21
0.48
16.43
1.58
21.30
0.24
39.60
2.87
C25-OH
7.70
0.24
7.37
3.11
4.47
0.05
0.00
0.00
3.36
0.17
6.25
0.76
C26-OH
40.31
1.83
30.81
18.03
55.10
1.91
33.93
2.64
13.16
0.04
24.47
1.75
C27-OH
ND
—
ND
—
9.38
0.22
41.31
1.00
ND
—
ND
—
C28-OH
ND
—
ND
—
3.96
0.05
3.42
0.50
55.22
2.29
11.37
0.29
Total mg⋅kg−1
5.55
0.27
6.05
1.69
31.70
0.20
12.40
0.33
24.88
0.95
12.85
0.03
Tocopherols mg⋅kg−1
α-Tocopherol
233.40
0.40
236.06
4.71
227.95
9.81
205.35
13.22
5.08
0.00
5.07
0.13
β-Tocopherol
8.45
0.45
8.52
0.30
9.97
0.16
7.12
0.70
ND
—
ND
—
γ-Tocopherol
10.10
0.10
10.12
0.37
102.00
0.61
8.26
0.42
306.34
2.83
197.09
2.08
δ-Tocopherol
0.87
0.07
0.91
0.15
5.31
0.13
0.78
0.08
2.38
0.14
1.57
0.18
Total mg⋅kg−1
252.83
1.03
255.60
5.53
345.22
9.23
221.51
14.42
313.80
2.70
203.73
1.77
Bold numbers: mean; normal numbers: standard deviation; ND: not detected; Ext.: extracted; Com.: commercial.
