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Bee venom protein name | Melittin |
Alternative names | Allergen Api m 3, Allergen Api m III, Allergen Api m 4 |
Percentage of dry weight (%) | 40–50 |
Sources | |
Honeybee | Apis mellifera (honeybee), Apis mellifera carnica (Carniolan honeybee), Apis dorsata (giant honeybee), Apis florea (dwarf honeybee), Apis cerana (Indian honeybee) |
Bee | Osmia rufa (red mason bee) |
Insect | Vespa magnifica (hornet), Polistes hebraeus (paper wasp), Polistes sp. (golden paper wasp), Vespula maculifrons (eastern yellow jacket), Vespa velutina nigrithorax (hornet) |
Bacteria | Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Synechocystis sp., Aphanocapsa sp., Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Xanthomonas maltophilia, Moellerella wisconsensis, Pseudomonas batumici, Ralstonia solanacearum, Thioalkalivibrio nitratireducens, Klebsiella pneumonia, Francisella sp., Brucella melitensis biotype 1, Ralstonia solanacearum, Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter bereziniae, Sporomusa sp., Zunongwangia profunda, Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis, Cyclobacterium qasimii M12-11b |
Others | Rana arvalis (moor frog), Rana temporaria (European common frog), Rana tagoi (Tago frog), Rana tagoi okiensis (Oki brown frog), Rana sakuraii (Japanese brown frog), Naja oxiana (Central Asian Cobra) (Oxus cobra), Pardachirus pavoninus (peacock sole) |
Tissue specificity | Expressed by the venom gland |
Gene name | MELT |
Formula | C350H552N84099S2 |
Total number of atoms | 1087 |
Molecular weight (Dalton) | 7584.8 |
Total length (amino acids) | 70 |
Peptide length (amino acids) | 26 |
Total sequence | 10: MKFLVNVALV, 20: FMVVYISYIY, 30: AAPEPEPAPE, 40: PEAEADAEAD, 50: PEAGIGAVLK, 60: VLTTGLPALI, 70: SWIKRKRQQG |
Peptide sequence | 44–69: GIGAVLKVLTTGLPALISWIKRKRQQ |
Theoretical isoelectric point (pI) | 4.69 |
Subunit | Monomer and homotetramer |
Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu) | 9 |
Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys) | 6 |
Extinction coefficient (M−1cm−1) | 9970, at 280 nm measured in water |
Estimated half-life | (i) 30 hours (mammalian reticulocytes, in vitro) (ii) >20 hours (yeast, in vivo) (iii) >10 hours (Escherichia coli, in vivo) |
Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) | 0.239 |
Toxic dose | LC (50) is 2.7 µg/mL against killifish |
Investigated biological functions | |
Major | (i) Hemolytic activity (ii) Anti-inflammatory activity (iii) Anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral activities |
Others | (i) Inhibits well-known transport pumps (such as Na+-K+-ATPase, H+-K+-ATPase) (ii) Activates phospholipase A2 (iii) Diminishes membrane surface tension (iv) Stimulates smooth muscle (v) Lowers blood coagulation (vi) Influences central nervous system (CNS) (vii) Increases capillary permeability |
Adverse effects | (i) Initiates various allergic reactions (ii) Lyses erythrocytes (iii) Creates cytotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (iv) Modulates gene expression related to apoptosis, DNA damage response, and oxidative stress |
Medical applications | (i) Arthritis (ii) Cancer (iii) Diseases of central and peripheral nervous systems (iv) Skin diseases (v) Heart and blood system related diseases (vi) Frozen shoulder (vii) Asthma, bronchitis (viii) Colitis, ulcers (xi) Others: ophthalmology, endocrinology, urology, gynecology, otorhinolaryngology |
Data sources and references | (i) Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB) (ii) Protein Information Resource (PIR) (iii) UniprotKB (iv) [5–19] |
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