Analytical Methods for the Determination of the Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Water and Sediment of Aquatic Systems: A Review

Table 1

Levels of TPHC in water samples around the world (µg/L).

Sample source	Concentrations reported	Analytical method	References
Africa
Groundwater samples collected in some communities in Rivers State, Nigeria	33,076 (max)	GC/FID	[63]
Ubeji surface water, Warri, Nigeria	73,500	Gravimetry	[96]
Surface water from the vicinity of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporations (NNPC) Oil Depot in Apata, Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria	20,340–27,400	Gravimetry	[110]
Groundwater in communities in Niger; Delta region of Nigeria	1,352–12,110	GC-FID	[111]
Asia
Strait of Johor, in Peninsular Malaysia	25–2,795	—	[112]
Bohai Bay, China	24–508	—	[109]
Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City, Southern Iraq	0.01–8.76	UVF	[113]
Setiu Wetlands, Terengganu, Malaysia	4–121	UVF	[114]
Coastal waters from Malaysian west coast	5–386	—	[112]
Dungun River basin water, Malaysia	12–41	UVF	[50]
Gulf of Thailand and East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia	0.05–4.13	UVF	[6]
Levantine Basin, Israeli Coastline	19–88	—	[115]
Northwestern Arabian Gulf	1.2–546	—	[116]
America
Jamaica Bay, New York Metropolitan Area	10–20	GC/FID, UVF & GC/MS	[117]
Deepwater Horizon, Gulf of Mexico	60,000–260,000	—	[91]
Ixtoc-I Blowout, Gulf of Mexico	5–106,000	—	[93]
Europe
Seawater of North Cape (Norway)	483 (mean)	GC/MS	[72]
Romanian Black Sea Sector	29–271	UVF	[118]
Kara Sea	8–408	—	[119]
Pechora Sea	2–87	—	[120]
Australia
Yellow Water, Kakadu National Park	ND–200	GC/FID	[121]